Romans at War: The Roman Military in the Republic and Empire

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BC - Gaius Petronius' expeditions against Nubia - Roman forces managed to reach Qasr Ibrim and northern Nubia, capturing several cities, including Pselcis, Primis, Abuncis, Phthuris, Cambusis, Attenia, and Stadissias, then destroyed the city of Napata (kushite capital) and other cities in retaliation while taking captives. Kushites Kandake earns a favorable peace treaty and Romans established a new frontier at Hiere Sycaminos ( Maharraqa), halting Rome’s southward expansion in Africa. Battle of Singara – Emperor Constantius II fights an indecisive battle against King Shapur II of Persia The invention of concrete by the Romans meant that ancient Roman buildings, like the Colosseum, still stand today. Aelius Gallus Attempts the Conquest of Arabia—and Reaches the Limits of Roman Power | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2023-05-30. Battle of Lake Trasimene – In another ambush, Hannibal destroys the Roman army of Gaius Flaminius, who is killed.

Battle of the Cremera – All the Fabii except Quintus Fabius Vibulanus are killed in battle with the Veii|Veians. BC – Siege of Rhodes – Mithridates fails to capture Rhodes, defended by the proconsul Lucius Cassius. BC – Battle of Corbio – Titus Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus leads Roman troops to defeat the Aequi and the Volsci. Battle of Arles - Visigothic king Euric defeated the Roman general Anthemiolus, captured Arles and much of southern Gaul BC – Battle of Baecula – Romans in Hispania ( Iberia) under P. Cornelius Scipio the Younger defeat Hasdrubal Barca.Trajan's Parthian campaign [13] (115–117) – Trajan invaded Parthia (planning its annexation) and occupied Ctesiphon while managed control of western Persia by a client ruler ( Parthamaspates), but died. The Roman army withdrew, immediately abandoning the newly annexed provinces of Assyria, Mesopotamia and Armenia. Battle of the Axona (Aisne) – Caesar defeats the forces of the Belgae under King Galba of Suessiones. Siege of Massilia – Visigoths under Ataulf were defeated by Romans under Bonifacius while trying to besiege the Roman city. They made peace with Rome soon after. The months January and February are thought to have been added by the Roman ruler Numa Pompilus, in 700-600s BC. This made the calendar 355 days long. He also added an additional month called Mercedonius, which was included in the calendar every other year. In these years the calendar was 377 days long.

Octavian betrayed his party, and came to terms with Caesarians Antony and Lepidus and on 26 November 43 BC the Second Triumvirate was formed, [242] this time in an official capacity. [241] In 42 BC Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fought the indecisive Battle of Philippi with Caesar's assassins Marcus Brutus and Cassius. Although Brutus defeated Octavian, Antony defeated Cassius, who committed suicide. Brutus also committed suicide shortly afterwards. When his Sicilian campaign was also ultimately a failure, and at the request of his Italian allies, Pyrrhus returned to Italy to face Rome once more. In 275 BC, Pyrrhus again met the Roman army at the Battle of Beneventum. [80] This time the Romans had devised methods to deal with the war elephants, including the use of javelins, [80] fire [83] and, one source claims, simply hitting the elephants heavily on the head. [77] While Beneventum was indecisive, [83] Pyrrhus realised that his army had been exhausted and reduced by years of foreign campaigns, and seeing little hope for further gains, he withdrew completely from Italy. Battle of Ravenna – Orestes deposes Julius Nepos and installs his son, Romulus Augustulus as emperor. June – Battle of the Catalaunian Plains – The Romans with Flavius Aetius and the Visigoths with Theodoric, defend against Attila, ruler of the Hunnic Empire.The ancient Roman civilisation began in 753 BC when King Romulus founded the city of Rome (naming it after himself). Over the next thousand years, this small city grew into a large empire. The ancient Romans became one of the most influential civilisations in history, conquering areas in Europe, Africa and Asia. A map showing the reach of the Roman Empire BCE – Battle of Carrhae – Roman army commanded by triumvir Crassus is disastrously defeated by the Parthians. [6] The Romans built about 55,000 miles of roads across the empire. They built very straight roads, many of which are still used today. May – Battle of Ctesiphon – Emperor Julian defeats Shapur II of Persia outside the walls of the Persian capital, but is unable to take the city. BC – Battle of Callicinus – Perseus of Macedon defeats a Roman army under Publius Licinius Crassus.