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Dairy cattle housing systems vary greatly throughout the world depending on the climate, dairy size, and feeding strategies. Housing must provide access to feed, water and protection from relevant environmental conditions. One issue for housing cattle is temperature extremes. Heat stress can decrease fertility and milk production in cattle. [11] Providing shade is a very common method for reducing heat stress. Barns may also incorporate fans or tunnel ventilation into the architecture of the barn structure. [12] Overly cold conditions, while rarely deadly for cattle, cause increases in maintenance energy requirements and thus increased feed intake and decreased milk production. [13] During the winter months, where temperatures are low enough, dairy cattle are often kept inside barns which are warmed by their collective body heat.
While most countries produce their own milk products, the structure of the dairy industry varies in different parts of the world. In major milk-producing countries most milk is distributed through whole sale markets. In Ireland and Australia, for example, farmers' co-operatives own many of the large-scale processors, while in the United States many farmers and processors do business through individual contracts. In the United States, the country's 196 farmers' cooperatives sold 86% of milk in the U.S. in 2002, with five cooperatives accounting for half that. This was down from 2,300 cooperatives in the 1940s. [4] In developing countries, the past practice of farmers marketing milk in their own neighbourhoods is changing rapidly. Notable developments include considerable foreign investment in the dairy industry and a growing role for dairy cooperatives. Output of milk is growing rapidly in such countries and presents a major source of income growth for many farmers. [5]
This cooling method worked well for smaller dairies, however was fairly inefficient and was unable to meet the increasingly higher cooling demand of larger milking parlors. In the mid-1950s direct expansion refrigeration was first applied directly to the bulk milk cooler. This type of cooling utilizes an evaporator built directly into the inner wall of the storage tank to remove heat from the milk. Direct expansion is able to cool milk at a much faster rate than early ice bank type coolers and is still the primary method for bulk tank cooling today on small to medium-sized operations. Gaughan, J. B.; Mader, T. L.; Holt, S. M.; Sullivan, M. L.; Hahn, G. L. (21 May 2009). "Assessing the heat tolerance of 17 beef cattle genotypes". International Journal of Biometeorology. 54 (6): 617–627. doi: 10.1007/s00484-009-0233-4. PMID 19458966. S2CID 10134761. A portion of the population, [37] including vegans and many Jains, object to dairy production as unethical, cruel to animals, and environmentally deleterious. They do not consume dairy products. They state that cattle suffer under conditions employed by the dairy industry. [38] [39]
Cool temperature has been the main method by which milk freshness has been extended. When windmills and well pumps were invented, one of their first uses on the farm, besides providing water for animals themselves, was for cooling milk, to extend its storage life, until it would be transported to the town market.
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The cows milk themselves. We have five Lely ‘robotic milking machines’ which means the cows are free to eat, drink, ruminate and rest and be milked according to their own natural biorhythms. The ‘voluntary access milking system’ measures and records details like timing and milk yield. The cow’s collar also records and transmits information about each cow – monitoring her temperature and time spent eating, ruminating, resting or being active. This allows David and his team to keep a careful eye on the health of the cows. It’s a high-tech world – although our first machine was installed in 2001!
Clearly mark cows with clinical mastitis, as well as those treated with antibiotics or with a high SCC Fact Sheet: Proper Disposal of Milk Waste" (PDF). Indiana Department of Environmental Management. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 7 June 2014. Leptospirosis in Cattle". National Animal Disease Information Service (UK). Archived from the original on 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 7 June 2014.
The aim of a good milking routine
Clean gloves are cleaner than clean hands, so a new pair of clean disposable gloves should be worn every milking. The production of milk requires that the cow be in lactation, which is a result of the cow having given birth to a calf. The cycle of insemination, pregnancy, parturition, and lactation, followed by a "dry" period of about two months of forty-five to fifty days, before calving which allows udder tissue to regenerate. A dry period that falls outside this time frame can result in decreased milk production in subsequent lactation. [36] a b Vishwanath, R. (2003). Artificial insemination: the state of the art. Theriogenology, 59, 571–584. Historically, the milking and the processing took place close together in space and time: on a dairy farm. People milked the animals by hand; on farms where only small numbers are kept, hand-milking may still be practised. Hand-milking is accomplished by grasping the teats (often pronounced tit or tits) in the hand and expressing milk either by squeezing the fingers progressively, from the udder end to the tip, or by squeezing the teat between thumb and index finger, then moving the hand downward from udder towards the end of the teat. The action of the hand or fingers is designed to close off the milk duct at the udder (upper) end and, by the movement of the fingers, close the duct progressively to the tip to express the trapped milk. Each half or quarter of the udder is emptied one milk-duct capacity at a time. Ali M.; Arslan, Bilge (7 February 2022). "Analysis of the Thermal Environment and Determination of Heat Stress Periods for Dairy Cattle Under Eastern Mediterranean Climate Conditions". Journal of Biosystems Engineering. 47: 39–47. doi: 10.1007/s42853-021-00126-6. S2CID 246655199.
As processing plants grow fewer and larger, they tend to acquire bigger, more automated and more efficient equipment. While this technological tendency keeps manufacturing costs lower, the need for long-distance transportation often increases the environmental impact. [10] Causes of leptospirosis". National Health Service (UK). Archived from the original on 12 May 2014 . Retrieved 7 June 2014.Milking machines are held in place automatically by a vacuum system that draws the ambient air pressure down from 15 to 21 pounds per square inch (100 to 140kPa) of vacuum. The vacuum is also used to lift milk vertically through small diameter hoses, into the receiving can. A milk lift pump draws the milk from the receiving can through large diameter stainless steel piping, through the plate cooler, then into a refrigerated bulk tank. Wash and dry hands and gloves during milking if they become dirty or splashed with milk. If cluster units fall off and get dirty, clean in warm disinfectant solution Young, B. A. (1981). "Cold Stress as it Affects Animal Production". Journal of Animal Science. 52 (1): 154–163. doi: 10.2527/jas1981.521154x. PMID 7240034. Wash the parlour between rows, and don’t wash while cows are in the parlour unless all the units are attached to cows. Use running water and disinfectant solution to remove infected milk from gloves, liners and other equipment. A good milking routine
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