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See also: Comparison of American football and rugby league, Comparison of American football and rugby union, Comparison of Canadian and American football, and Comparison of rugby league and rugby union Irish and Australian International rules football test match from the 2005 International Rules Series between Australia and Ireland at Telstra Dome, Melbourne, Australia In 1995, rugby union became an "open" game, that is one which allowed professional players. [128] Although the original dispute between the two codes has now disappeared – and despite the fact that officials from both forms of rugby football have sometimes mentioned the possibility of re-unification – the rules of both codes and their culture have diverged to such an extent that such an event is unlikely in the foreseeable future.

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Derek Birley (Sport and The Making of Britain). 1993. Manchester University Press. p. 32. 978-0719037597 English public schools were the first to codify football games. In particular, they devised the first offside rules, during the late 18th century. [58] In the earliest manifestations of these rules, players were "off their side" if they simply stood between the ball and the goal which was their objective. Players were not allowed to pass the ball forward, either by foot or by hand. They could only dribble with their feet, or advance the ball in a scrum or similar formation. However, offside laws began to diverge and develop differently at each school, as is shown by the rules of football from Winchester, Rugby, Harrow and Cheltenham, during between 1810 and 1850. [58] The first known codes – in the sense of a set of rules – were those of Eton in 1815 [59] and Aldenham in 1825. [59]) Minivoetbal – the five-a-side indoor game played in East and West Flanders where it is extremely popular The first references to goals are in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. In 1584 and 1602 respectively, John Norden and Richard Carew referred to "goals" in Cornish hurling. Carew described how goals were made: "they pitch two bushes in the ground, some eight or ten foote asunder; and directly against them, ten or twelue [twelve] score off, other twayne in like distance, which they terme their Goales". [45] He is also the first to describe goalkeepers and passing of the ball between players.Sports Reference Purpose: We will be the trusted source of information and tools that inspire and empower users to enjoy, understand, and share the sports they love. Ruff, Julius (2001). Violence in Early Modern Europe 1500–1800. Cambridge University Press. p.170. ISBN 978-0-521-59894-1. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023 . Retrieved 23 July 2018.

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The International Rugby Football Board (IRFB) was founded in 1886, [126] but rifts were beginning to emerge in the code. Professionalism had already begun to creep into the various codes of football. a b c d e f "No Christian End!" (PDF). The Journey to Camp: The Origins of American Football to 1889. Professional Football Researchers Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2014 . Retrieved 26 January 2010.Public schools' dominance of sports in the UK began to wane after the Factory Act of 1850, which significantly increased the recreation time available to working class children. Before 1850, many British children had to work six days a week, for more than twelve hours a day. From 1850, they could not work before 6a.m. (7a.m. in winter) or after 6p.m. on weekdays (7p.m. in winter); on Saturdays they had to cease work at 2pm. These changes meant that working class children had more time for games, including various forms of football. A new, third level of content, designed specially to meet the advanced needs of the sophisticated scholar.

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Modern North American football grew out of a match between McGill University of Montreal and Harvard University in 1874. During the game, the two teams alternated between the rugby-based rules used by McGill and the Boston Game rules used by Harvard. [116] [117] [118] Within a few years, Harvard had both adopted McGill's rules and persuaded other U.S. university teams to do the same. On 23 November 1876, representatives from Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Columbia met at the Massasoit Convention in Springfield, Massachusetts, agreeing to adopt most of the Rugby Football Union rules, with some variations. [119] The first game of American football is widely cited as a game played on 6 November 1869, between two college teams, Rutgers and Princeton. But the game was played under rules based on the association football rules of the time. During the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby code. In 1855, the U.S. inventor Charles Goodyear – who had patented vulcanised rubber – exhibited a spherical football, with an exterior of vulcanised rubber panels, at the Paris Exhibition Universelle. The ball was to prove popular in early forms of football in the U.S. [82]

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a b Dunning, Eric (1999). Sport Matters: Sociological Studies of Sport, Violence and Civilisation. Routledge. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-415-09378-1. Bell's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle (London, England), Sunday, 13 January 1839. New Readerships A daily recap of top performers, scores and statistical highlights, straight to your inbox! 2023 Advanced Stats

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See also: Episkyros and Cuju Ancient China A painting depicting Emperor Taizu of Song playing cuju (i.e. Chinese football) with his prime minister Zhao Pu (趙普) and other ministers, by the Yuan dynasty artist Qian Xuan (1235–1305)RFU". englandrugby.com. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021 . Retrieved 7 November 2019. Bailey, Steven (1995). "Living Sports History: Football at Winchester, Eton and Harrow". The Sports Historian. 15 (1): 34–53. doi: 10.1080/17460269508551675. E. Norman Gardiner: "Athletics in the Ancient World", Courier Dover Publications, 2002, ISBN 0-486-42486-3, p.229 Harvey, Adrian (2005). Football, the First Hundred Years. Routledge. pp.95–99. ISBN 978-0-415-35019-8. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017 . Retrieved 23 September 2016. FIFA.com. "History of Football – The Origins". Archived from the original on 28 October 2017 . Retrieved 1 November 2017.