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Names follow international convention [7] [8] before the recent revision [9] (see Taxonomy below). Reindeer/caribou ( Rangifer) vary in size from the smallest, the Svalbard reindeer ( R. ( t.) platyrhynchus), to the largest, Osborn's caribou ( R. t. osborni). They also vary in coat color and antler architecture. a b c d Flagstad, Oystein; Roed, Knut H. (2003). "Refugial origins of reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus L) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences" (PDF). Evolution. 57 (3): 658–670. doi: 10.1554/0014-3820(2003)057[0658:roorrt]2.0.co;2. PMID 12703955. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2006 . Retrieved 4 January 2013. Both Aristotle and Theophrastus have short accounts – probably based on the same source – of an ox-sized deer species, named tarandos, living in the land of the Bodines in Scythia, which was able to change the colour of its fur to obtain camouflage. The latter is probably a misunderstanding of the seasonal change in reindeer fur colour. The descriptions have been interpreted as being of reindeer living in the southern Ural Mountains in c. 350 BC. [37] The tragelaphus or deer-goat Two municipalities in Finland have reindeer motifs in their coats-of-arms: Kuusamo has a running reindeer; [244] and Inari has a fish with reindeer antlers. [245] See also [ edit ]

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In Eurasia, both wild and domestic reindeer are distributed across the tundra and into the taiga. Eurasian mountain reindeer ( R. t. tarandus) are close to North American caribou genetically and visually, but with sufficient differences to warrant division into two species. The unique, insular Svalbard reindeer inhabits the Svalbard Archipelago. The Finnish forest reindeer ( R. t. fennicus) is spottily distributed in the coniferous forest zones from Finland to east of Lake Baikal: the Siberian forest reindeer ( R. t. valentinae, formerly called the Busk Mountains reindeer ( R. t. buskensis) by American taxonomists) occupies the Altai and Ural Mountains.The wild reindeer areas in Norway". Villrein.no - alt om villrein (in Norwegian) . Retrieved 14 November 2022. The color of the fur varies considerably, both between individuals and depending on season and species. Northern populations, which usually are relatively small, are whiter, while southern populations, which typically are relatively large, are darker. This can be seen well in North America, where the northernmost subspecies, the Peary caribou, is the whitest and smallest subspecies of the continent, while the Selkirk Mountains caribou (Southern Mountain population DU9) [122] is the darkest and nearly the largest, [117] only exceeded in size by Osborn's caribou (Northern Mountain population DU7). [122] Although most taxonomic authorities over the years recognized "Greenland Caribou" as a distinct subspecies, several gave the name as a subspecies of Cervus [Rangifer] tarandus for North American barren-ground caribou, groenlandicus having priority over other names. The name dates from George Edwards (1743), [91] who claimed to have seen a male specimen (“head of perfect horns...”) from Greenland and said that a Captain Craycott had brought a live pair from Greenland to England in 1738. The scientific name Tarandus rangifer buskensis Millais, 1915 (the Busk Mountains reindeer) was selected as the senior synonym to R. t. valentinae Flerov, 1933, in Mammal Species of the World [7] but Russian authors [16] do not recognize Millais and Millais' articles in a hunting travelogue, The Gun at Home and Abroad, [95] seem short of a taxonomic authority. [9] Krivoshapkin, A.A. (2016). "Миграция диких северных оленей ( Rangifer tarandus L.) таймырской популяции на территорию северо-западной Якутии" [Migration of wild reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus L.) of the Taimyr population to the territory of northwestern Yakutia]. ВЕСТНИК СВФУ[ SVFU Bulletin Биологические науки [Biological Sciences]]. 6: 15–20.

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The reindeer has large feet with crescent-shaped cloven hooves for walking in snow or swamps. According to the Species at Risk Public Registry ( SARA), woodland [130]

Because of its importance to many cultures, Rangifer and some of its species and subspecies have names in many languages. Inuvaluit of the western Canadian Arctic and Inuit of the eastern Canadian Arctic, who speak different dialects of Inuktitut, both call the barren-ground caribou tuktu. [42] [43] [44] The Wekʼèezhìi people, a Dene (Athapascan) group, call the Arctic caribou Ɂekwǫ̀ and the boreal woodland caribou tǫdzı. [45] The Gwichʼin (also a Dene group) have over 24 distinct caribou-related words. [46] head of Moose Pass branch of the Smoky River, Alberta (north-east of Mount Robson)”; USNM No. 174505 I thought I didn’t receive any presents this Christmas, until I realized you’re the only gift I need today. United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (13 December 2022). "Fun Facts about Reindeer and Caribou". Food and Drug Administration. Reindeer now live exclusively in the northern points of the globe, but when Earth was cooler and humans were less of a threat, their territory was larger. In fact, reindeer used to range as far south as Nevada, Tennessee, and Spain during the Pleistocene area. Its habitat has shrunk considerably in the last few centuries. The last caribou in the contiguous United States was removed to a Canadian conservation breeding program in 2019.

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The status of the Dolphin-Union "herd" was upgraded to Endangered in 2017. [201] In NWT, Dolphin-Union caribou were listed as Special Concern under the NWT Species at Risk (NWT) Act (2013). Personalized Reindeer hot choclate Spoon Golden Christmas Stainless rosegold spoon Custom Engraved elk spoon with name Gift for Christmas Jenkins et al. (2012) said that "[Baffin Island] caribou are unique compared to other Barrenground herds, as they do not overwinter in forested habitat, nor do allcaribou undertake long seasonal migrations to calving areas." It also shares a mtDNA haplotype with Labrador caribou, in the North American lineage (i.e., woodland caribou). [80] Røed et al. (1991) [74] had noted: restricted to the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia, after those reindeer west of the Sea of Okhotsk were found to actually be R. t. sibiricus [8] [22]the High Arctic islands of Nunavut and the Northwest Territories, Canada and western Greenland (except for the southwestern region) Shapkin, A. (2017). "About phenotypic variability of taimyr tundra wild reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus)". Genetika i razvedenie životnyh[ Genetics and Breeding of Animals] (in Russian and English). 1: 22–30. The reindeer or caribou [a] ( Rangifer tarandus) [5] is a species of deer with circumpolar distribution, native to Arctic, subarctic, tundra, boreal, and mountainous regions of Northern Europe, Siberia, and North America. [2] This includes both sedentary and migratory populations. It is the only representative of the genus Rangifer. Herd size varies greatly in different geographic regions. More recent studies suggest the splitting of reindeer and caribou into six distinct species over their range. Changes in climate and habitat beginning in the 20th century have expanded range overlap between white-tailed deer and caribou, increasing the frequency of infection within the reindeer population. This increase in infection is a concern for wildlife managers. Human activities, such as "clear-cutting forestry practices, forest fires, and the clearing for agriculture, roadways, railways, and power lines," favor the conversion of habitats into the preferred habitat of the white-tailed deer – "open forest interspersed with meadows, clearings, grasslands, and riparian flatlands." [146] Towards the end of the Soviet Union, there was increasingly open admission from the Soviet government that reindeer numbers were being negatively affected by human activity, and that this must be remediated especially by supporting reindeer breeding by native herders. [198] Conservation [ edit ] Current status [ edit ] The barren-ground caribou form large herds and undertake lengthy seasonal migrations from winter feeding grounds in taiga to spring calving grounds and summer range in the tundra. The migrations of the Porcupine herd of barren-ground caribou are among the longest of any mammal. [10] Greenland caribou, found in southwestern Greenland, are "mixed migrators" and many individuals do not migrate; those that do migrate less than 60km. [166] Unlike the individual-tending mating system, aggregated rutting, synchronized calving and aggregated post-calving of barren-ground caribou, Greenland caribou have a harem-defense mating system and dispersed calving and they do not aggregate. [167]

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Santa Claus Hot Chocolate Reindeer Christmas Lights Hallmark Ugly Sweaters Mug | Happy Year Tumbler | Retro Tumbler | Cute Christmas Tumbler Some species and subspecies are rare and three subspecies have already become extinct: the Queen Charlotte Islands caribou ( R. t. dawsoni) from western Canada, the Sakhalin reindeer ( R. t. setoni) from Sakhalin and the East Greenland caribou from eastern Greenland, [28] [29] [30] although some authorities believe that the latter, R. t. eogroenlandicus Degerbøl, 1957, is a junior synonym of the Peary caribou. [31] [32] [9] Historically, the range of the sedentary boreal woodland caribou covered more than half of Canada [33] and into the northern states of the contiguous United States from Maine to Washington. Boreal woodland caribou have disappeared from most of their original southern range and were designated as Threatened in 2002 by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). [34] Environment Canada reported in 2011 that there were approximately 34,000 boreal woodland caribou in 51 ranges remaining in Canada (Environment Canada, 2011b), [35] although those numbers included montane populations classified by Harding (2022) into subspecies of the Arctic caribou. [9] Siberian tundra reindeer herds are also in decline, and Rangifer as a whole is considered to be Vulnerable by the IUCN. Social structure, migration and range [ edit ] The size of the antlers plays a significant role in establishing the hierarchy in the herd [161] Reindeer hooves adapt to the season: in the summer, when the tundra is soft and wet, the footpads become sponge-like and provide extra traction. In the winter, the pads shrink and tighten, exposing the rim of the hoof, which cuts into the ice and crusted snow to keep it from slipping. This also enables them to dig down (an activity known as "cratering") through the snow to their favourite food, a lichen known as reindeer lichen ( Cladonia rangiferina). [143] [144] Size [ edit ]Reindeer occur in both migratory and sedentary populations, and their herd sizes vary greatly in different regions. The tundra subspecies are adapted for extreme cold, and some are adapted for long-distance migration. Arctic peoples have depended on caribou for food, clothing, and shelter. European prehistoric cave paintings represent both tundra and forest forms, the latter either the Finnish forest reindeer or the narrow-nosed reindeer, an eastern Siberia forest form. [14] Canadian examples include the Caribou Inuit, the inland-dwelling Inuit of the Kivalliq Region in northern Canada, the Caribou Clan in the Yukon, the Iñupiat, the Inuvialuit, the Hän, the Northern Tutchone, and the Gwichʼin (who followed the Porcupine caribou herd for millennia). Hunting wild reindeer and herding of semi-domesticated reindeer are important to several Arctic and sub-Arctic peoples such as the Duhalar for meat, hides [ de], antlers, milk [ ru], and transportation. [6] In Eurasia, the Sakhalin reindeer is extinct (and has been replaced by domestic reindeer) and reindeer on most of the Novaya Zemlya islands have also been replaced by domestic reindeer, although some wild reindeer still persist on the northern islands. [23] Many Siberian tundra reindeer herds have declined, some dangerously, but the Taymir herd remains strong and in total about 940,000 wild Siberian tundra reindeer were estimated in 2010. [16]