One Step 50 x Vet Pet Urine Test Strips - Veterinary Animal - Cats - Dogs

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Cystocentesis. A sterile needle and syringe are used to collect urine from the bladder. The needle is passed through the abdominal wall into a full bladder and urine is withdrawn directly into the sterile syringe. The advantage of cystocentesis is that the urine is not contaminated by miscellaneous debris from the lower urinary passage. This type of sample is ideal for assessing the bladderand kidneys and for detecting bacterial infection. The disadvantages of cystocentesis are that the method is slightly more invasive than other methods, is useful only if the pet’s bladder is full, and it is difficult to do in patients that are uncooperative. A urinalysis is a simple test to assess your pet’s overall urinary tract (kidneys and bladder) health and insight on your pet’s glucose regulation and liver function. As a proactive healthcare advisor, the veterinarians at Animal Medical Center of Chicago recommend a yearly urinalysis on all pets eight years of age or older. If your pet has increased water intake, increased frequency in urination, pain on urination, or visible blood in the urine, then a urinalysis is indicated. The body burns glucose (sugar) for energy. If the cells don’t get enough glucose the body burns fat instead. This produces ketones which will show up in the urine. As with glucose; any amount of ketones detected in urine may also be a sign of diabetes and/or not enough insulin to break down sugar for energy. d. No conclusions can be established about the ability of the patient's kidneys to concentrate and dilute urine.

If the liver is damaged bilirubin can leak into the urine. The detection of bilirubin in the urine may be an early indication of liver disease such as hepatitis or a problem with liver function in general. After preparation of the urine sediment slide (see How to Prepare Urine for Microscopic Examination), microscopic examination of the sediment is performed with the sub-stage condenser of the microscope lowered. Proper urinalysis can help in the detection of various metabolic diseases such as ketosis and diabetes by estimating glucose and ketones concentration, liver abnormalities on bilirubin estimation, and intravascular hemolysis on increased hemoglobin concentration [ 5]. Urine has become one of the most accessible bio-fluid as it can be obtained non-invasively in large quantities [ 7]. In veterinary medicine, it has gained little attention [ 8]. A positive reading for blood can also be seen with a disease called hemolytic anemia, in which red blood cells are destroyed and a protein called hemoglobin is released. Hemoglobin passes into the urine and causes the blood test pad to show positive, even though there is no actual bleeding in the urinary system. Catheter sample. Your vet passes a thin, sterile tube through your pet's urethra into the urinary bladder and collects the urine. This procedure allows urine collection on demand, but your pet will have to be restrained to allow it. Catheterization has a small risk of carrying infection into the bladder, causing a UTI.The laboratory will spin the urine sample in a machine called a centrifuge to concentrate it, and the sediment is examined under a microscope for bacteria, other organisms, and various cell types [2]. The protein pad is also associated with the most error in interpretation because the color changes are slight.

a. The conclusion could not be established without knowledge of the patient's hydration status, a water-deprivation test and perhaps a vasopressin-response test. The fact that urine dilution of this magnitude has occurred suggests, but does not prove, that a sufficient population of functional nephrons is present to concentrate urine. High concentrations of nitrite inhibit the test. Prolonged exposure of the urine sample to light can cause oxidization resulting in lower or false negative values. Excreted traces of dye and medication of red colour can simulate a positive result.False positive results could be shown due to extremely alkaline urine (pH >9), resulting from traces of disinfectants or various types of medication. Using a disposable dropper, transfer one drop of reconstituted sediment to a clean microscope slide and place a coverslip over the sample ( Figure 5). d. Proteinuria of this magnitude is not indicative of significant alteration of glomerular capillary permeability.

The presence of urobilinogen may suggest deterioration of liver functions. Higher results may also indicate liver diseases such as cirrhosis; viral hepatitis; liver damage or RBC destruction (hemolytic anemia). False positive reactions can occur due to traces of detergents containing peroxide or other interfering compounds.Specific gravity compares the density of urine to water. This helps to determine how well the kidneys are diluting urine. Diluted urine (1.00 SG) may diagnose a condition called diabetes insipidus. Concentrated urine (+1.03 SG) may mean that the kidneys aren’t functioning properly. Catheterization. A very narrow sterile catheter is passed up the lower urinary passage (called the urethra) into the bladder. A sterile syringe is attached to the catheter and urine is withdrawn from the bladder into the syringe. The technique is less invasive than cystocentesis and is a good option when a voluntary sample is not available, especially in male dogs.Catheterization causes mild irritation to the urethra, and may carry bacteria from the urethra into the bladder. Protein. The presence of protein in urine is called proteinuria . Mild proteinuria in a concentrated urine may not be cause for concern, but proteinuria in dilute urine should be investigated since it may signal developing kidney disease. The significance of proteinuria is often determined by doing a second test called the protein:creatinine ratio (for more information, see handouts "Urine Protein", and "Urine Protein:Creatinine Ratio").

d. It is not possible to evaluate the functional status of all nephrons on the basis of urine specific gravity. Many nephrons may be nonfunctional (up to two-thirds in dogs, and probably more in cats) without loss of the ability to concentrate urine, at least to some degree. Less than 2 per LPF hyaline and > 1 per LPF granular casts may be found in urine from healthy animals. 1,3 Increased numbers of casts in the urine (cylinduria) localizes a disease process to the kidneys. CrystalsTIP: Use a (portable) pH meter to confirm results, especially when trying to measure relatively small changes in pH units.