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Nasir Muhammad Ali, Canh Nguyen Phuc, Lan Le Thi Ngoc. Environmental degradation & role of financialisation, economic development, industrialisation and trade liberalisation. Journal of Environmental Management. 2021;277:111471. pmid:33049616 Meanwhile, it is somewhat surprising to find that energy use during non-rapid eye movement sleep remains at ∼85% of that in the waking state, while during rapid eye movement sleep it can be as high as in the waking state ( Dinuzzo and Nedergaard, 2017). At the same time, consciousness can be minimally sustained with energy use at only 42% of the level that occurs in healthy conscious individuals, suggesting that much cerebral metabolic activity in normal waking states does not directly contribute to consciousness ( Stender et al., 2016). Many anesthetic agents are thought to obliterate consciousness because they reduce the global rate of cerebral metabolism ( Hudetz, 2012). Administering ketamine, on the other hand, increases brain metabolism yet can still lead to loss of responsiveness ( Pai and Heining, 2007). Overall, it seems we find no clear correlation between the total amount of energy used by the brain, or the location where the energy is used, and the level of consciousness detectable in the person. Consciousness and the Organization of Energetic Processing in the Brain Among them, H represents the energy consumption structure diversity, N represents the number of energy types in the primary energy consumption structure, and P i represents the proportion of the energy consumption in the primary energy consumption structure, which essentially reflects the weighted geometric mean of the proportion of each energy consumption in the primary energy consumption structure. The value range of H is greater than or equal to 0, if there is only one energy source in the primary energy consumption structure, then P i equal to 1, then the value of H is equal to 0. If the energy types in the primary energy consumption structure increases, the value of H also increases accordingly. The value of H is related to the type of energy consumption and the proportion of each energy consumption. If the number of energy types is given, when the value of H increase, it means that the consumption of various energy sources tends to be equal in the primary energy consumption and the types of energy consumption are more. And when the value of H value decreases, it means that the primary energy consumption mainly depends on one or several energy sources, the proportion of consumption of different energy sources may be expanding.

Wang, Z. The concept of complexity: Its source, definition, characteristic and function. Philos. Res. 1990, 3, 102–110. [ Google Scholar] Information in the biological context is best understood as a measure of the way energetic activity is organized, that is, its complexity or degree of differentiation and integration. Information theoretic techniques provide powerful tools for measuring, modeling, and mapping the organization of energetic processes, but we should not confuse the map with the territory.The difference between 1 and 0, for example, is an abstract difference conceived within a conscious mind. Among them, C represents the carbon dioxide emissions of energy consumption, i represents the number of energy types, E i represents the consumption of the ith energy, CF i represents the calorific value of the i th energy, CC i represents the carbon content of the i th energy, ROX i represents the carbon oxidation rate of the i th energy, γ is a coefficient that represents the ratio of the relative molecular mass of carbon dioxide to the relative atomic mass of carbon, generally taking 3.67. Reference to the research method of Xu Shichun [ 37], the consumption of fossil energy is used as an accounting indicator, and raw coal, crude oil, natural gas, etc. are selected as carbon emission sources, and the carbon emission value is estimated according to the carbon dioxide emission coefficient of different energy sources. Schrodinger, E. What Is Life?—Physical View of Living Cells; Shanghai Foreign Natural Science Philosophy Works Compilation and Group, Translator; Shanghai People’s Press: Shanghai, China, 1973. (In Chinese) [ Google Scholar] I take it that physical processes occur in time and space and are causally determined by the actions of energy, forces and work upon matter. I take consciousness to be the capacity for awareness of self and world, which is particularly highly developed in humans.

Nagel clarified the term ‘something it is like’ as meaning not what something resembles but ‘how it is’ for the system ( Nagel, 1974 ). Lian-de LI, Qing WANG, Hao LIU. Research of primary energy supply diversity in China. China Mining Magazine. 2007;16(12):1–4+11. An alternative, or perhaps complementary, way to think about this issue is in terms of how the energetic activity in the brain is organized rather than its global level or localization. Indeed, this has implicitly been the focus of recent research that aims to provide quantitative measures of consciousness levels. In one study, researchers used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to send a magnetic pulse through the brains of healthy controls and patients with various states of impaired consciousness ( Casali et al., 2013). By measuring how the pulse perturbed the cortex the researchers were able to determine the relative complexity and extent of the pathways through which the pulse propagated and correlate these to levels of consciousness. The researchers calculated a perturbation-complexity index (PCI) that quantified the levels of consciousness present in each person they studied. This method was further validated as a reliable objective measure of levels of consciousness by Casarotto et al. (2016).

Consciousness and Energy in the Brain

Although information theoretic tools were being used to analyze and interpret the data in these studies we should note that what was actually being detected by the experimental procedures was not information per se but the organization of energetic activity or processing in the brain. Energetic processing – the processes by which the brain regulates the flow of energy through its structures – is routinely detected at varying degrees of spatial and temporal resolution, either directly or indirectly, by neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET), functional magnetic resonance image (fMRI), and EEG ( Niedermeyer and Lopes da Silva, 1987; Bailey et al., 2005; Shulman, 2013). Referring again to the study by Casali et al. (2013), the perturbations from which the PCI was calculated were generated by a pulse of magnetic energy from the TMS and were imaged with EEG that measures electrical voltage differences, that is, fluctuations in energetic potentials between clusters of neurons in the cortex ( Niedermeyer and Lopes da Silva, 1987; Hu et al., 2009; Koponen et al., 2015). The PCI and wSMI can therefore be interpreted as measures of the complexity or organization of energetic processing in the brain during the experimental procedures.

The philosopher Thomas Nagel summarized one of our greatest intellectual challenges: how to explain mental processes as physical processes. The aim of this paper is to outline a principle according to which consciousness could be explained as a physical process caused by the organization of energy in the brain 1. The above energy structure adjustment strategies have been partially applied to the development of Chinese energy industry policies, and a series of policies have been published to encourage the development of new energy industries and restrict the expansion of high energy-consuming industries, the main purpose is to improve the energy consumption structure through continuous industrial structure optimization. After nearly 6 years of supply-side structural reforms in the coal industry, energy consumption structure in China has been optimized, the proportion of coal consumption continues to decline, and the proportion of new energy and renewable energy consumption increases gradually. The energy consumption structure is more diversified, forming an energy production and consumption system of coal as the mainstay paralleling development with oil, natural gas, hydropower, wind power, solar power, nuclear power, etc. It is foreseeable that with the optimization of China’s industrial structure, the improvement of new energy investment capacity, and the improvement of the profitability of renewable energy, energy consumption diversity will become an important development direction of China’s energy industry. So how to establish the energy consumption diversity evaluation index, how to determine energy consumption diversity level of Shaanxi Province, and how to understand the current situation and evolution trends of energy consumption structure diversity, are all important issues to be faced after the adjustment of energy structure. The mechanisms that enable performance of these tasks can be seen at work in organisms with relatively simple nervous systems, such as the C. elegans worm ( Sterling and Laughlin, 2017). Chemical gradients in the environment activate chemosensory neurons on the worm’s surface that connect via interneurons to motor neurons that control the action of dorsal and ventral muscles, which, in turn, control the worm’s movement ( de Bono and Maricq, 2005). In this way, differences of chemical potential energy in the environment are converted into differences of electro-chemical energy in the sensing apparatus of the organism and then into differences of chemical energy in the muscles, which, by antagonistic action, are converted into the kinetic energy of the organism’s movement. The organism makes discriminations in the environment relevant to its interests so that it can take appropriate actions in response.At present, the main methods of carbon emission accounting are emission factor method, material balance method and actual measurement method. The emission factor method is the main method of IPCC and international carbon emission accounting, which has good applicability and operability. The emission factor method is selected to calculate the carbon emission of energy consumption in Shaanxi. The calculation formula of the emission factor method is: Dougall T, Dodd J C. A study of species richness and diversity in seed banks and its use for the environmental mitigation of a proposed holiday village development in a coniferized woodland in south east England. Biodiversity & Conservation. 1997;6(10):1413–1428. The author confirms being the sole contributor of this work and has approved it for publication. Funding If consciousness is a natural physical process then it should be explicable in terms of energy, forces and work. Energy is a physical property of nature that is causally efficacious and, like forces and work, can be conceived as actualized differences of motion and tension. We can see the same basic principle at work in biology of far greater complexity. The human visual system, for example, is highly demanding on the brain’s energy budget ( Wong-Riley, 2010). But the evolutionary benefit of human vision is the capacity it confers to guide finely controlled bodily actions in light of environmental conditions. This is achieved through an intricate sequence of energy conversions, beginning with the arrival at the retina of electro-magnetic energy from the environment and cascading through numerous energetic exchanges in the neural pathways of the visual system that progressively differentiate features of the environment ( Hubel and Livingstone, 1987). This frequently results in the conversion of electro-chemical energy in the motor system and muscles to the kinetic energy of bodily movement ( Goodale, 2014). The fact that our complex biology supports so rich a repertoire of sensory discriminations and motor responses may be only a difference of degree rather than of kind with the humble worm.