Re-interpreting Brecht: His Influence on Contemporary Drama and Film

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Keshmirshekan, Hamid. 2013. Reclaiming Cultural Space: Artist’s Performativity versus State’s Expectations in Contemporary Iran’. In Performing the Iranian State: Cultural Representations of Identity and Nation. Edited by Staci Gem Scheiwiller. London and New York: Anthem, pp. 145–55. [ Google Scholar] ISO. 2019. ISO 20539:2019 Translation, Interpreting and Related Technology – Vocabulary. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization. [Google Scholar] Opportunities for employment may arise anywhere, especially for community-based assignments and telephone work. The main centres for international conferences include Brussels, London, New York, Geneva and Paris.

A stakeholder position with particular potential to shape the social practices in question is that of a policy-maker, which I suggest could be labelled here as a “regulator”, in a broader sense. This could include any institution or organization issuing guidance, legal provisions or standards regulating the social practice in question. In the field of legal interpreting, for instance, this would include the lawmakers adopting legislation governing who can serve as an interpreter in court, or the fees to be paid for such service; in healthcare, this could be an individual hospital issuing a policy banning the use of children as interpreters.

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Kade, Otto. 1968. Zufall und Gesetzmäßigkeit in der Übersetzung. Leipzig: Verlag Enzyklopädie. [Google Scholar] One of the reasons for this distinction — besides being specific about what we’re talking about — is that translators and interpreters use slightly different sets of skills. For instance, it’s more important for an interpreter to have strong listening skills, so that they can hear what they’re interpreting correctly (and in the case of signed languages, dexterity, so they can make coordinated movements). A translator would place greater emphasis on honing their reading and writing skills.

Whiteley, Sheila, and Shara Rambarran. 2016. The Oxford Handbook of Music and Virtuality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [ Google Scholar] A more automation-resistant form of human media-content processing that is equally monolingual and intermodal is live audio description (AD). Unlike (intralingual) live subtitling, however, which encompasses two modalities of the same language, spoken and written, live AD involves the semiotic (sub)mode of moving images as well as the spoken modality of language.Some universities that offer relevant postgraduate qualifications are Corporate Education Members of the Institute of Translation and Interpreting (ITI). You can see a full list of them at ITI Universities and Courses.

Association of Sign Language Interpreters (ASLI): for support and CPD opportunities for BSL interpreters. I actually wrote an interpreter once as part of a Test Automation framework. When someone did a call against the API, we would intercept the call, use reflection on it to determine what the call was and what the parameters were, and serialize the reflection metadata to JSON. We then later deserialized the JSON and used reflection to call whatever methods had been run before with the same parameters. The engine consumed JSON, not machine code, and used that to figure out what calls it should perform; at no point did it create or need any machine code. The critical thing was that, assuming that it had been given a valid script, the engine "knew" how to perform all of the specified actions itself, so it never needed to "offload" any of the instructions to the machine itself. Lester SW, Mencl J, Maranto C, Bourne KA, Keaveny T (2010) The impact of passing the professional in human resources exam on early career success for undergraduates entering the human resource field. Int J Sel Assess 18(3):282–290 Greco, Gian Maria. 2018. “The Nature of Accessibility Studies.” Journal of Audiovisual Translation 1 ( 1): 205–232. doi:10.47476/jat.v1i1.51. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]

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Enabling communication between parties speaking different languages has long been conceptualized as interpreting, with the implication that interpreting is an essentially oral form of language use. This sets it apart from the activity known as translation, generally understood to involve different written languages. Given its reliance on writing as a secondary modality of language, translation is predated by interpreting, which can therefore claim primary or primordial status. At the same time, the significance of written language in human civilization (see Ong Citation1982) has increasingly relegated interpreting to the status of a secondary concept that can be subsumed under the wider notion of translation – that is, as a concept relating to one of many different forms of translation. It is this latter view, necessarily, that underlies the present contribution to the discussion about the conceptualization of translation in translation studies. More specifically, my main goal and task will be to question current assumptions about interpreting as summarized in the first lines of this article, and to propose ways in which the concept of interpreting could or should be redefined. Over-the-phone interpreting is, well, any interpreting done over the phone. This is actually the type used by the United Nations to allow communication across many languages at once. Hopp C, Lukas C (2014) A signaling perspective on partner selection in venture capital syndicates. Entrep Theory Pract 38(3):635–670

Powell, Robert B., and Marc J. Stern. 2021. “Journal of Interpretation Research: Research is Necessary to Underpin the Field in Evidence.” Journal of Interpretation Research 26 ( 2): 47–48. doi:10.1177/10925872211067833. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar] Bird RB, Smith EA (2005) Signaling theory, strategic interaction, and symbolic capital. Curr Anthropol 46(2):221–248

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Taghioff, Parham. 2023. A Conversation between Parham Taghioff and Hamidreza Karami. Routledge Journal of Visual Art Practice 22. special issue on contemporary art of Iran (forthcoming). [ Google Scholar] Fantinuoli, Claudio. 2018. “Interpreting and Technology: The Upcoming Technological Turn.” In Interpreting and Technology, edited by Claudio Fantinuoli, 1–12. Berlin: Language Science Press. [Google Scholar] Here's the key insight: the interpreted code itself is quite literally doing nothing - all it's doing is feeding the interpreter which actions it needs to take. The interpreter already "knows" how to take all of the actions you can perform in the interpreted language, so no additional machine code is required. Cannon JP, Homburg C (2001) Buyer-supplier relationships and customer firm costs. J Mark 65(1):29–43 National Registers of Communication Professionals Working With Deaf and Deafblind People (NRCPD) - for British Sign Language (BSL) interpreters.