Toyama Koshihikari Japanese Rice 5 kg

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Wang R, Lu L, Pan X, Hu Z, Ling F, Yan Y, et al. Functional analysis of OsPGIP1 in rice sheath blight resistance. Plant Mol Biol Rep. 2015;87:181–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-014-0269-7. The staining method that was used was proposed by Lux et al. [ 87]. Alcohol solution (95%) and glacial acetic acid were mixed in a 1:1 ratio to prepare fixative solution. Chloral hydrate (5 g) was dissolved in 2 ml distilled water to prepare saturated chloral hydrate. Aniline blue (1 g) was added to 100 ml distilled water to prepare the aniline blue staining solution. Unlike sushi, you don’t need to use vinegar and salt to season the rice. If you used vinegar and salt in your rice to add flavor, locals would call it “sushi” and not “onigiri” anymore.

With the rapid development of molecular biology techniques and the wide application of various omics technology in the interaction between plants and pathogens, the identification of rice sheath blight resistance genes and the interaction mechanism between sheath blight pathogen and rice are becoming increasingly deep. Chitinases are the members of PR proteins responsible for the hydrolysis of chitin, a structural polysaccharide of the cell wall of many pathogens. Overexpression of the chitinase gene CHI11 enhanced resistance to rice sheath blight [ 22, 23]. OsOSM1, a gene mainly expressed in the leaf sheath at the booting stage in rice, encodes an osmotin protein belonging to the pathogenesis-related protein 5 family. Overexpression of this gene can enhance the resistance of rice to sheath blight [ 24]. Plant polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP) is a structural protein that specifically recognise and bind to fungal polygalacturonase (PG). PGIP plays an important role in antifungal activity in plants. Overexpression of PGIP-related genes such as ZmPGIP3, OsPGIP1, and OsPGIP2 increases resistance to rice sheath blight in rice [ 25, 26, 27]. Lignin deposition can enhance plant cell walls against pathogens and provide structural barriers for pathogen infection [ 28]. Overexpression of the lignin-related gene OsPAL4 increases resistance to rice sheath blight [ 29]. OsWRKY4 is an important positive regulatory factor in the interaction between rice and pathogens. It participates in the defence response of rice sheath blight through the jasmonic acid (JA)/ethylene (ET)-dependent signalling pathway [ 30]. At 12 h, 2403 DEGs (1242 upregulated and 1161 downregulated) were identified in the leaf sheath of Shennong 9819, whereas 2817 DEGs (1419 upregulated and 1398 downregulated) were identified in Koshihikari, indicating that the Koshihikari was more susceptible to R. solani than Shennong 9819; the infection pressure on Koshihikari plants was thus higher than that on Shennong 9819. From 12 to 72 h, the number of DEGs in the Koshihikari leaf sheath was higher than Shennong 9819. The number of DEGs in the Koshihikari leaf sheath was highest at 36 h (4,873 DEGs; 2438 upregulated, 2435 downregulated) after inoculation. The data show that the number of DEGs in the susceptible cultivar was higher than that in the resistant cultivar. The symptoms of leaf sheath after inoculation are shown in Fig. S1. After inoculation for 24 h, evident brown spots appeared on the leaf sheath of Koshihikari; 48 h after inoculation, they were grey. These spots appeared on the leaf sheath of Shennong 9819 at 36 h after inoculation. The expanded area of the spot of Koshihikari was significantly larger than that of Shennong 9819 at 72 h after inoculation. Zhao C, Wang A, Shi Y, Wang L, Liu W, Wang Z, et al. Identification of defense-related genes in rice responding to challenge by Rhizoctonia solani. Theor Appl Genet. 2008;116:501–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-007-0686-y.

Choudhary P, Rai P, Yadav J, Verma S, Chakda H, Goswami SK, et al. A rapid colorimetric LAMP assay for detection of Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA causing sheath blight of rice. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):22022. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79117-0.

Tang L, Chen W. Development trend and prospect of Geng Rice in Northeast China. China Rice. 2021;27(5):1–4 (in Chinese with English summary). Koshihikari is a japonica rice cultivar from Japanese, a cultivar susceptible to rice sheath blight. Zhao, F. J. & Wang, P. Arsenic and cadmium accumulation in rice and mitigation strategies. Plant Soil 446, 1–21 (2020).

2 Materials and methods

Zhang Y, Cheng YT, Qu N, Zhao Q, Bi D, Li X. Negative regulation of defense responses in Arabidopsis by two NPR1 paralogs. Plant J. 2006;48:647–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.02903.x.

As previously mentioned, the two cultivars participated in similar metabolic pathways after inoculation with R. solani; however, the upregulated differential expression pathways were different. Among the pathways related to disease resistance, plant hormone signal transduction and phenylalanine metabolism pathways were significantly enriched in Shennong 9819, except in Koshihikari. However, ascorbate and aldarate metabolism and linoleic acid metabolism were significantly enriched in Koshihikari, though not in Shennong 9819. It is necessary to further study the differentially expressed genes in the metabolic pathway to understand the different resistance mechanisms of the two cultivars after inoculation with R. solani. Validation of DEGs by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) Wang H, Meng J, Peng X, Tang X, Zhou P, Xiang J, et al. Rice WRKY4 acts as a transcriptional activator mediating defense responses toward Rhizoctonia solani, the causing agent of rice sheath blight. Plant Mol Biol Report. 2015;89:157–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-015-0360-8. In the leaf sheaths of Shennong 9819, 12 common DEGs were continuously expressed at 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h after inoculation, including four upregulated genes and seven downregulated genes. At 12 h, 832 specific DEGs were identified (575 upregulated and 268 downregulated). There were 23 specific DEGs (15 upregulated and 14 downregulated) discovered at 24 h, and 693 specific DEGs (284 upregulated and 419 downregulated) were identified at 36 h. In the leaf sheath of Koshihikari, 269 common DEGs were expressed at 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h after inoculation (132 upregulated and 137 downregulated). At 12 h, 537 specific DEGs (417 upregulated and 172 downregulated) were identified, and 925 specific DEGs (619 upregulated and 359 downregulated) were identified at 36 h. At 36 h, 1251 specific DEGs were identified (612 upregulated and 645 downregulated). In conclusion, the number of DEGs which were continuously expressed in the sheath of Koshihikari was higher than that in Shennong 9819 after inoculation. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of differentially expressed genes Liu G, Jia Y, Correa-Victoria FJ, Prado GA, Yeater KM, McClung A, et al. Mapping quantitative trait loci responsible for resistance to sheath blight in rice. Phytopathology. 2009;99:1078–84. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-99-9-1078.Zhang F, Zeng D, Huang L, Shi Y, Chen T, Zhang F, et al. Stress-activated protein kinase OsSAPK9 regulates tolerance to salt stress and resistance to bacterial blight in rice. Rice. 2019;12(1):80. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12284-019-0338-2. Yang, M. et al. OsNRAMP5 contributes to manganese translocation and distribution in rice shoots. J. Exp. Bot. 65, 4849–4861 (2014). Niigata Prefecture began developing a group of varieties that improved Koshihikari for rice blast resistance in 1986, and registered Koshihikari Niigata BL No. 1 to No. 3 in 2000 and Koshihikari Niigata BL No. 4 in 2002, with production starting in 2005. [5] Under the Plant Variety Protection and Seed Act ( ja), these varieties and seed names are registered as Koshihikari Niigata BL, but as milled product names they are marketed simply as Koshihikari. [6]