Joined in 2023 
82 
63 About this deal
The statistical analysis of Hg removal potential among the different species i.e., Alcanivorax xenomutans, Halomonas sp., Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus and within the Halomonas spp. revealed that the Hg removal by NIOT-EQR_J251 was significantly higher (p< 0.01) than NIOT-EQR_J7 and NIOT-EQR_J258. There was a significant difference (p< 0.05) in the removal of Hg between NIOT-EQR_J248 vs. NIOT-EQR_J258 and NIOT-EQR_J248 vs. NIOT-EQR_J251. Al-Mailem etal. (2011) reported Haloferax sp. (HA1 and HA2), Halobacterium sp. HA3, and Halococcus sp. HA4 effectively volatilized (from 40 to 65%) the available 100 mg/L of Hg after 8 days. Many other isolates such as Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas stutzeri, Pseudomonas putida, Vibrio fluvialis could volatilize 60%-95%, 94%, 100%, 60% of Hg 2+, respectively, from culture ( Zhang etal., 2012; Dash etal., 2013; Giri etal., 2014; Saranya etal., 2017; Zheng etal., 2018). Patients can find it increasingly difficult to maintain long-term dietary changes like low caloric intake, low salt intake, and limiting processed foods, which in turn may lead to a shift towards preintervention practices in some individuals, for example, increased calorie intake [ 28]. This implies the need for interventions to focus on ways to help patients maintain healthy dietary patterns [ 28].
When the isolate NIOT-EQR_J7 was grown in the presence of Hg 2+ supplementation, a slight reduction in the peak intensity attributed to the thiol group (S-H stretch) at 2383.09 cm -1 was observed as compared to the control along with the wavelength that shifted to 2442.42 cm -1. In contrast, the peak intensity corresponding to the thiol group of NIOT-EQR_J248 at 2304.55 cm -1 increased compared to without Hg 2+ supplementation and the shift in wavelength to 2246.72 cm -1 was observed. In the case of NIOT-EQR_J251, the peaks corresponding to the S-H group appeared at 2341.34 cm -1 in the presence of Hg 2+ whereas, in the absence of Hg 2+, the peak was negligible. The peak was absent in both the presence and absence of Hg 2+ in the case of isolate NIOT-EQR_J258 ( Figures5A–D). In accord with our findings, previous studies had also reported similar results ( Dash and Das, 2014; De etal., 2014; Joshi etal., 2021) and suggested significant changes in the FT-IR spectrum such as a shift in wavenumber in the region of O-H groups, –S-H group, amide C=O, Nitrile C–N stretch, phosphate groups, etc. The changes in peak height and area have also been observed when isolates were grown in the presence of Hg 2+ ions compared to the controlled ones. The transmittance of the infrared (IR) in the presence of Hg 2+ was lower than in the absence of Hg 2+. The changes suggested that the presence of metal leads to a lesser degree of bond stretching, consequently reducing the IR transmittance. The contribution of functional groups in metal binding was legitimized undeniably by the formation of varying spectral bands with and without Hg ( Oves etal., 2013). Hg tolerance of CMRBs was calculated by the broth dilution method ( Konopka and Zakharova, 1999; Santos-Gandelman etal., 2014) with some modifications. CMRB cultures grown in Zobell Marine Broth medium (ZMB, Himedia, Mumbai) without Hg supplementation were used as a positive control, whereas ZMB treated with Hg (without bacteria) was used as a negative control in this study. To ensure the uniform bioavailability of Hg to the bacteria, uniform culture conditions were maintained across different experimental treatments. Based on the growth behavior of cultures in the presence of a higher concentration of HgCl 2, the selected isolates were classified into two different categories i.e. MRB and moderate MRB (MMRB). The detailed procedure is elaborated in the SI. To understand the effects of different Hg concentrations on bacterial growth, two qualitative analyses were carried out, i.e. monitoring the optical density (OD) at 600 nm and dry biomass. 16S rDNA based identification Three experimental replicates were determined for each analysis and the statistical significance of the results was analyzed by one way ANOVA test. All Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS (version 17) and GraphPad Prism 7 software. Differences were considered significant at p< 0.05 and values are reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Results and discussion Gajendra Joshi 1* Pankaj Verma 2 Balakrishnan Meena 1 Prasun Goswami 1† D Magesh Peter 2 Dilip Kumar Jha 2 Nambali Valsalan Vinithkumar 1 Gopal Dharani 2According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), low-risk drinking is considered four drinks per day or less than fourteen drinks per week for men and less than or equal to three drinks per day and less than seven drinks per day for women [ 49]. Binge drinking is the consumption of five drinks by men and four drinks by women in a period of two hours [ 47, 50]. According to studies performed by O’Keefe et al. and Peng et al., it was shown that excessive consumption of alcohol has contributed to 16% of HTN cases worldwide [ 45, 51]. The pathophysiology of HTN in chronic alcohol consumption is by vagal inhibition and sympathetic stimulation [ 52]. The DASH diet has been funded by the National Institute of Health (NIH) in various research projects to know whether specific dietary interventions helped treat HTN [ 30]. The subjects included in the study have been told to follow only dietary interventions and no other lifestyle modifications to avoid any confounding [ 30]. It was found in both hypertensive and normotensive individuals that dietary intervention alone helped reduce SBP by 6 to 11 mm Hg [ 30]. Since these results, the DASH diet, along with lifestyle modifications, has been advised as the first line of pharmacologic therapy in some instances. Several other clinical trials have shown that the DASH diet helps lower BP, cholesterol, and saturated fats as well as there is evidence that it lowers the risk of adverse cardiac events, type 2 diabetes, stroke, and obesity [ 30]. Therefore, it is crucial for clinicians, nurses, and pharmacists to educate patients about the benefits of the DASH diet [ 30]. The modification in functional groups present in the culture pellets was identified by measuring the spectra in the range of 400 to 4000 cm -1 using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy (IR Affinity-I spectrometer, Shimadzu, Japan), as described by Joshi etal. (2021). In brief, 48 h grown cultures in ZMB medium without Hg supplementation were used as a control, whereas cultures with 50 mg/L of Hg supplementation were used as Hg treated. The mixtures (lyophilized cells and 2% KBr) were fixed in the FT-IR spectrometer after compressing them into translucent sample discs, followed by analyzing in ATR-FT-IR mode by following the manufacturer’s protocol. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis of MRB The upholstery suffers most. We have HG car upholstery cleaner. Or take a look at our tips for cleaning fabric car upholstery. For leather seats, we have HG deep cleaner for leather. Genus Halomonas is reported from most of the saline environments regardless of their geographical location, including the marine environment, salterns, saline lakes, and soil ( Llamas etal., 2006). The MRB isolated from the coastal areas of Kuwait were identified as Alcanivorax borkumensis, Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus, and Halomonas taeheungii ( Sorkhoh etal., 2010). The 16S rDNA analysis and phenotypic characteristics revealed that the heavy metal-resistant halophilic bacteria WQL9 belong to the genus Halomonas sp ( Abdel-Razik etal., 2020). The Marinobacter genus is comprised of widespread marine bacteria found exceptionally in marine or terrestrial environments rich in sodium salts, in the deep sea, coastal seawater, sediment, oceanic basalt, etc. ( Handley and Lloyd, 2013). Alcanivorax xenomutans are also rich in the saline environment as they are halophilic and favorable to living in the marine environment. A comparative analysis of the partial sequence of the 16S rDNA of the four strains revealed a high level of similarity to the corresponding sequence of environmental isolates. Detection of mercury reductase gene
One of the quintessential steps to manage HTN is lifestyle modifications like exercise, weight loss, dietary interventions, a low-sodium diet, limiting alcohol consumption, smoking cessation, and stress management to help control BP. The treatment of HTN is based on specific characteristics like stage of disease, compliance, and comorbid conditions. For proper management of HTN, we may need to include pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions [ 5]. Despite advancements in medicine and treatment options, the global burden of HTN has been increasing due to the advancing age of the population and an increasing prevalence of obesity. HTN is an insidious disease that, if not treated promptly, predisposes us to cardiovascular complications and various other complications [ 6]. Increased physical activity, limiting salt intake, minimizing alcohol consumption, smoking cessation, and stress management together support the management of patients with HTN and as preventive measures in the general population [ 7]. However, it is important to note that lifestyle modification is a process that requires patients to adhere continuously [ 5]. It will have your employee’s name as held in the Payroll system, associated with this 'HG' account: Manual entry code method
Introduction
Physicians play a key role in encouraging and helping patients achieve smoking cessation [ 56]. HTN has also been associated with second-hand smoke. According to research done by Bernabe-Ortiz et al. on 897 individuals in Peru in 2021 to assess the association of second-hand smoke with HTN and cardiovascular risk, 15% of adults reported second-hand smoke overall, and this emphasizes the necessity to keep places smoke-free to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease [ 57]. Spray the HG car dashboard cleaner thinly and evenly onto the surface to be treated. Keep the can upright and approximately 20cm away from the dashboard.
Briasoulis et al., in their meta-analysis of 16 prospective long-term studies, revealed that alcohol consumption of more than 20 g per day increases the risk of HTN significantly in women, whereas consumption of 31 to 40 g in men significantly increases the risk of HTN [ 54]. Nevertheless, a higher risk of HTN was observed in all individuals who consumed more than 20 g of alcohol per day, irrespective of their gender [ 54]. Ozemek et al. revealed in their study that, in persons who consume alcohol, a reduction to two standard drinks or less daily in men and one drink or less daily in women has been shown to reduce SBP by 4 mm Hg in hypertensive individuals and by 3 mm Hg in normotensive individuals [ 11]. Increased physical activity has been advocated as the first-line intervention for preventing and treating patients with prehypertension and as a treatment strategy for patients with stage 1 or stage 2 HTN, according to the Duthe American College of Sports Medicine, the United States Joint Nations Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High BP, the World Health Organization and International Society of Hypertension, and The National Heart Foundation [ 36]. Exercise can consequently help prevent prehypertension from progressing and can help reduce or stop medications prescribed for the treatment of stage 1 HTN [ 37]. The selected isolates were further analyzed by subjecting them to 16S rDNA sequencing. In brief, DNA was isolated and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification was executed with the universal 16S rDNA primers of 27F (5’-AGAGTTTGATCMTGGCTCAG-3’) and 1495R (5’-GGHTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3’) as described by Dash and Das (2014). The amplified PCR products were sequenced and submitted to NCBI, as described by Kumar etal. (2018). The detailed procedure is elaborated in the SI. Genotyping of merA gene According to a study by Ozemek et al., healthy diets like DASH dietary patterns have been shown to decrease SBP by 11 mm Hg in hypertensive individuals and by 3 mm Hg in normotensive individuals. Ideally, the goal is to reduce sodium to <1500 mg/dl, but it is good to aim for at least a 1000 mg/day reduction, which has been shown to reduce SBP approximately by 5/6 mm Hg in hypertensive individuals and by 2/3 mm Hg in normotensive individuals [ 11]. Furthermore, Ozemek et al. revealed in their study that increasing dietary potassium intake with a goal of 3500-5000 mg/day has been shown to reduce SBP by −4/5 mm Hg in hypertensive individuals and by −2 mm Hg in normotensive individuals [ 11]. Enter [email protected] as the Account name and then enter or paste the manual entry code in from above as the 'Secret key'.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
It can be observed that high Hg concentration causes structural deformities which may be due to its toxic nature. In our previous study, we reported that cultures accustomed to grow in the presence of HgCl 2 manifested major morphological abnormalities ( Joshi etal., 2021). We also suggested several structural asymmetries allied with the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane, significantly affecting the cellular mechanism. Resultantly, there is a substantial delay at the beginning of growth and cell division in a higher concentration of Hg 2+. Metabolites formed during Hg (II) reduction A simplified X-ray film method was adopted to look into the Hg reduction by bacterial volatilization in the presence of 50 and 100 mg/L of Hg as HgCl 2 ( Nakamura and Nakahara, 1988; Joshi etal., 2021). Briefly, the bacterial cells were collected by centrifugation at 5,000 rpm for 10 min. and washed with 0.07 M phosphate buffer (0.5 mM EDTA, 0.2 mM magnesium acetate, 5 mM sodium thioglycolate; pH 7.0) and transferred to the microplate. The cells were suspended into 50 µL of 0.07 M phosphate buffer containing 50 and 100 mg/L of Hg as HgCl 2 in a microplate. The phosphate buffers (pH 7.0) with 50 and 100 mg/L of HgCl 2 (without bacterial cells) were used as a negative control. The plate was covered with X-ray film and incubated in the dark for 2 h at 35°C. Determination of Hg(II) depletion potential by isolates Weight loss is one of the most important non-pharmacological interventions to lower BP. Numerous interrelated pathophysiologic mechanisms stimulate higher BP in obesity [ 12]. In overweight/obese individuals, accelerated vascular aging can lead to HTN due to inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance [ 13]. Obese individuals also experience increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system [ 14]. The combined effect results in increased sodium resorption by the kidney, impaired vasodilation, volume expansion, and decreased natriuresis, thus leading to elevated BP [ 15]. Ozemek et al. trials have shown that weight loss helped lower systolic BP in hypertensive individuals by 5 mm Hg and in normotensive individuals by 2 to 3 mm Hg. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), a BMI of 25 to 29.9 is considered overweight, and a BMI of 30 or higher is considered obese. In overweight or obese individuals, achieving their ideal body weight is best, but it is good to aim for at least a 1 kg reduction in body weight. The study by Ozemek et al. also revealed that for every 1 kg reduction in body weight, we can expect about a 1 mm Hg reduction in blood pressure. The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/ Supplementary Material. Author contributions Intermittent fasting (IF) is an effective way to lose weight and thus helps lower blood pressure [ 10]. The mechanism by which IF lowers BP may be due to a brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-induced increase in parasympathetic activity [ 16]. Increased excretion of norepinephrine and increased sensitivity of insulin and natriuretic peptides also play a role [ 16]. The activation of glutamatergic receptors produces BDNF [ 10]. IF also stimulates the release of BDNF [ 10]. BDNF, in turn, stimulates the cholinergic neurons to release acetylcholine, which via the vagus nerve, controls the cardiac function to the sinoatrial (SA) node, causing a reduction of heart rate [ 17]. Also, blood vessels are expanded by the neurotransmitter, leading to a reduction in BP [ 18]. The pathogenesis of blood pressure lowering by activation of the parasympathetic nervous system involves the role of the cerebrospinal stem in the activation of cholinergic neurons [ 19, 20]. However, cardiovascular health benefits have only been observed to last as long as the IF diet lasted and pressures returned to initial values after the completion of the IF diet [ 21]. Toledo et al. performed a study in Germany in which 1422 participants on the IF diet were followed up for one year [ 16]. These participants had a fasting period of four to 21 days, which involved 200-250 kcal daily meals [ 16]. In participants who fasted for a longer time, a reduction of SBP and DBP was observed [ 16].
Hg volatilization by bacteria involves the reduction of Hg 2+ via the mer system to Hg 0, which is less toxic. It is appealing from the essential and practical viewpoints that halophilic bacteria can also grow in the presence of a higher amount of Hg and volatilized Hg efficiently similar to the non-halophilic bacteria. The ICP-MS analysis did not detect significant Hg loss in the control sample (without bacteria), which confirms the volatility of Hg being biotic ( Table S2). Thus, our results suggested that halophilic bacteria can also remove the Hg from the growth media, indicating that it may be potentially applied in contaminated environments. The Hg comes into the ocean either through atmospheric deposition or other several natural and active or passive processes. The results of this study imply that the two marine strains of Halomonas sp., isolated from ERIO may have the ability to remove Hg 2+ from the growth medium. Identification of functional groups changed during Hg(II) reduction Assorted studies have shown that IF lowers BP. Harvie et al., in their study involving 107 overweight or obese premenopausal women, showed that IF for six months helped lower SBP (p= 0.99) and DBP (p= 0.84) [ 22]. Varady et al., in their study performed for 12 weeks with IF involving 15 overweight individuals (five males, 10 females with a BMI of 20-29.9 kg/m 2 showed that IF helped lower BP with a p-value of 0.51 [ 23]. A study by Bhutani et al. involving 83 obese individuals (three males and 80 females) with a BMI of 30-39.9 kg/m 2revealed that 12 weeks of IF helped lower SBP (p = 0.254) and DBP (p = 0.570) [ 24]. In a study by Eshghinia et al., 15 overweight or obese women with a BMI ≥25 kg/m 2 who followed IF for eight weeks showed a lowering of SBP (p<0.001) and DBP (p<0.05) [ 25]. Teng et al., in their 12 weeks IF study with 28 Malay men with a BMI of 23-29.9 kg/m 2,showed a lowering in SBP (p<0.05) and DBP (p<0.05) [ 26]. Erdem et al., in their study involving 60 participants from the Cappadocia cohort with pre-HTN and HTN with SBP of 120-139 and more than or equal to 140 mm Hg, DBP of 80-80 and more than or equal to 90 mm Hg, revealed that IF helps lower SBP (p<0.001) and DBP (p<0.039) [ 27]. According to the American College of Cardiology, a BP higher than 180/120 mm Hg is considered a hypertensive emergency or crisis. Patients with these blood pressures need emergency medical help. Untreated high BP may increase the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and other serious complications. Monitoring BP every two years, starting at age 18, is important to diagnose and treat hypertension timely to prevent complications. HTN is diagnosed by performing repeated careful measurements of blood pressure. Blood pressure is categorized as follows: Normal blood pressure, defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) less than 120, and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) less than 80. An elevated BP is an SBP of 120 to 129 and a DBP of less than 80. HTN is defined as a systolic pressure more than or equal to 130 or a diastolic pressure more than or equal to 80.In context to these four isolates, the shift in wavenumbers, changes in peak height, and the appearance/disappearance of new peaks in the presence of Hg 2+; suggest alterations in functional groups (especially -SH group), which might play an important role in the Hg detoxification. SEM analysis of Hg treated and untreated isolates A conserved region of merA gene encoding bacterial mercuric reductase enzyme was detected using the above isolated genomic DNA ( Joshi etal., 2021). The PCR reactions were carried out using the primer set F1merA (5’-TCGTGATGTTCGACCGCT-3’) and F2merA (5’-TACTCCCGCCGTTTCCAAT-3’) containing 1 U/μl Taq polymerase (Sigma-Aldrich), 1 × Enzyme buffer, 200 μM of each dNTP (Sigma-Aldrich), 1.25 mM MgCl 2, and 0.5 μM of each primer and 50 ng template DNA in a thermal cycler (Applied Biosystems). PCR reaction was carried out under the following amplification conditions: pre-denaturation step at 94°C for 2 min followed by 30 cycles of 94°C for 1 min, 52°C for 1 min and an extension step at 72°C for 1 min and final extension at 72°C for 7 min as described by Dash and Das, (2014). For the isolates that showed negative PCR reactions with F1merA and F2merA primer set, a re-attempt has been made for amplifying the merA gene by gradient PCR method (annealing at 54 ± 5°C) and by using another set of primer A1F (5′-ACCATCGGCGGCACCTGCGT-3’) and A5R (5′-ACCATCGTCAGGTAGGGGACCAA3-′) as described by De etal. (2008). Amplification of the merA gene was confirmed by visualizing it under the Gel Doc system (BioRad). Confirmation of Hg 2+ to Hg 0 reduction by the isolates Mercury (Hg) pollution poses a global threat to human and environmental health due to its noxiousness, mobility, and lengthy residence duration in the atmosphere ( Raphael etal., 2011). Toxic metals rapidly accumulate in the food chain, impacting higher trophic levels, hence these are of principal concern nowadays ( Raphael etal., 2011). According to recent research, oceanic release and biomass burning (organic compounds) account for the majority of worldwide Hg emissions, with anthropogenic activities accounting for the remaining significant percentage ( Pirrone etal., 2010; Nelson etal., 2012; Serrano etal., 2013). Hg exists in elemental, inorganic, and organic forms in both land and water systems, depending on oxidation-reduction conditions. In the atmosphere, Hg with valence +2 is more extensively spread ( Wang etal., 2004). In the biogeochemical cycle, a considerable part of Hg accumulates in seas and oceans by its atmospheric deposition ( Bindler, 2003; Wang etal., 2004). The effects of human-induced sources on the Hg contents and its forms are extensively larger in the photic layers of oceans ( Strode etal., 2007). Many studies suggest that mer operon is located on any one of either location such as mobile elements like plasmids, transposons, genomic or chromosomal DNA ( Liebert etal., 1999; Schelert etal., 2004; Zeng etal., 2010). The mer operon contains many functional genes along with the operator, promoter, and regulatory elements. All functional genes encrypt for the diverse proteins that contribute to the detection, transportation, and reduction of Hg ions ( Barkay etal., 2003; Dash and Das, 2012; Naguib etal., 2018). An extremely noteworthy positive correlation was found among the harboring of mer gene with the phenotypic resistance to Hg and concentration of the Hg in the source environment ( Osborn etal., 1997). In this study, we did not find any Hg from the ecosystem (detectable limit - 0.73 µg/L), but the amplification of mer genes and available literature suggested that these are extensively dispersed in a non-highly contaminated or contamination-free environment such as an open ocean, Antarctic sea-ice, high Arctic snow, sea ice brine etc. and plays a key role in the biogeochemical cycle of Hg ( Christakis etal., 2021). Thus, the Hg adaptation by these isolates is reasonably accepted. Confirmation of Hg 2+ reduction by the isolates The health effects of alcohol intake are variable and are based on the amount of intake (low, moderate, or heavy) and intake pattern (acute, chronic, or binge) [ 45- 47]. In the US, the amount of pure alcohol in one standard drink is 14 g, which can be found in 12 oz of regular beer (about 5% alcohol), 5 oz of wine (about 12% alcohol), and 1.5 oz of distilled spirits (about 40% alcohol) [ 48]. Moderate alcohol intake recommendations according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans are the consumption of two standard drinks per day for men and one standard drink per day for women [ 49]. Moderate alcoholic intake has been shown to reduce the risk of chronic disease [ 49].
Great Deal 
New Comment