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Coconuts are commonly grown around the northern coast of Australia, and in some warmer parts of New South Wales. However, they are mainly present as decoration, and the Australian coconut industry is small; Australia is a net importer of coconut products. Australian cities put much effort into de-fruiting decorative coconut trees to ensure that mature coconuts do not fall and injure people. [112] Allergens Food Hanold, D.; Randles, J. Coconut cadang-cadang disease and its viroid agent. Plant Dis. 1991, 75, 330–335. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version]
Traditional areas of coconut cultivation in India are the states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Puducherry, Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Maharashtra, Odisha, West Bengal and, Gujarat and the islands of Lakshadweep and Andaman and Nicobar. As per 2014–15 statistics from Coconut Development Board of Government of India, four southern states combined account for almost 90% of the total production in the country: Tamil Nadu (33.8%), Karnataka (25.2%), Kerala (24.0%), and Andhra Pradesh (7.2%). [104] Other states, such as Goa, Maharashtra, Odisha, West Bengal, and those in the northeast ( Tripura and Assam) account for the remaining productions. Though Kerala has the largest number of coconut trees, in terms of production per hectare, Tamil Nadu leads all other states. In Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore and Tirupur regions top the production list. [105] The coconut tree is the official state tree of Kerala, India. Adkins, S.W.; Simpson, G.M.; Naylor, J.M. The physiological basis of seed dormancy in Avena fatua III. Action of nitrogenous compounds. Physiol. Plant. 1984, 60, 227–233. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] The shell, freed from the husk, and heated on warm ashes, exudes an oily material that is used to soothe dental pains in traditional medicine of Cambodia. [159] A full-sized coconut fruit weighs about 1.4 kilograms (3pounds 1ounce). Coconuts sold domestically in coconut-producing countries are typically not de-husked. Especially immature coconuts (6 to 8 months from flowering) are sold for coconut water and softer jelly-like coconut meat (known as "green coconuts", "young coconuts", or "water coconuts"), where the original coloration of the fruit is more aesthetically pleasing. [21] [22] It was the main food of adherents of the now discontinued Vietnamese religion Đạo Dừa. [178] Myths and legends
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Leach, B.; Foale, M.; Ashburner, G. Some characteristics of wild and managed coconut palm populations and their environment in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Indian Ocean. Resour. Crop Evol. 2003, 50, 627–638. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] To make coconut cream and coconut milk, peel away the brown skin from the white coconut flesh and place the flesh into a food processor with some hot water. Blend thoroughly, then squeeze the mixture through some muslin or a clean tea towel into a plastic, china or glass bowl (coconut reacts to metal) and set the liquid aside for 20 minutes. The coconut cream will float to the top of the milk and can be spooned off the surface. This process can be repeated to make extra coconut milk. One coconut yields about one cup of coconut cream. Specimens have been collected from the sea as far north as Norway (but it is not known where they entered the water). [72] They have been found in the Caribbean and the Atlantic coasts of Africa and South America for less than 500 years (the Caribbean native inhabitants do not have a dialect term for them, but use the Portuguese name), but evidence of their presence on the Pacific coast of South America antedates Columbus's arrival in the Americas. [45] They are now almost ubiquitous between 26°N and 26°S except for the interiors of Africa and South America. Coconuts, botanically speaking, are fibrous, one-seeded drupes, but commonly thought of as a fruit, a nut, and a seed. As a whole plant food, coconuts appear to be harmless and, as a green-light source of fat, can even increase the nutrient absorption of nutrients when eaten together with greens, for example. We tend to consume coconut milk, coconut oil, and coconut water more often than the flakes or “meat,” though. Are those healthful choices?
Coconut trunks are used for building small bridges and huts; they are preferred for their straightness, strength, and salt resistance. In Kerala, coconut trunks are used for house construction. Coconut timber comes from the trunk, and is increasingly being used as an ecologically sound substitute for endangered hardwoods. It has applications in furniture and specialized construction, as notably demonstrated in Manila's Coconut Palace. a b c d e f Lew, Christopher. "Tracing the origin of the coconut ( Cocos nucifera L.)" (PDF). Prized Writing 2018–2019. University of California, Davis: 143–157. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 23, 2021 . Retrieved April 22, 2021. In the United States, coconut palms can be grown and reproduced outdoors without irrigation in Hawaii, southern and central Florida, [111] and the territories of Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands. Coconut palms are also periodically successful in the Lower Rio Grande Valley region of southern Texas and in other microclimates in the southwest. Orozco-Segovia, A.; Batis, A.; Rojas-Aréchiga, M.; Mendoza, A. Seed biology of palms: A review. Palms-Laurence 2003, 47, 79–94. [ Google Scholar] Coconut palms require warm conditions for successful growth, and are intolerant of cold weather. Some seasonal variation is tolerated, with good growth where mean summer temperatures are between 28 and 37°C (82 and 99°F), and survival as long as winter temperatures are above 4–12°C (39–54°F); they will survive brief drops to 0°C (32°F). Severe frost is usually fatal, although they have been known to recover from temperatures of −4°C (25°F). Due to this, there are not many coconut palms in California. [58] They may grow but not fruit properly in areas with insufficient warmth, such as Bermuda.Trees grow up to 30 metres (100 feet) tall and can yield up to 75 fruits per year, though fewer than 30 is more typical. Plants are intolerant to cold and prefer copious precipitation and full sunlight. Many insect pests and diseases affect the species and are a nuisance for commercial production. About 75% of the world's supply of coconuts is produced by Indonesia, the Philippines and India. Foale, M. The growth of the young coconut palm ( Cocos nucifera L). II. The influence of nut size on seedling growth in three cultivars. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 1968, 19, 927–937. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Thomas, G.V.; Krishnakumar, V.; Dhanapal, R.; Reddy, D.S. Agro-management Practices for Sustainable Coconut Production. In The Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera L.)-Research and Development Perspectives; Nampoothiri, K.U.K., Krishnakumar, V., Thampan, P.K., Nair, M.A., Eds.; Springer: Singapore, 2019; pp. 227–322. ISBN 978-981-13-2754-4. [ Google Scholar] Panza, V.; Lainez, V.; Maldonado, S. Seed structure and histochemistry in the palm Euterpe edulis. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 2004, 145, 445–453. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] He also notes that several of the nuts began to germinate by the time they had been ten weeks at sea, precluding an unassisted journey of 100 days or more. [57]
Outside of New Zealand and India, only two other regions have reported Cocos-like fossils, namely Australia and Colombia. In Australia, a Cocos-like fossil fruit, measuring 10cm ×9.5cm ( 3 + 7⁄ 8in × 3 + 3⁄ 4in), were recovered from the Chinchilla Sand Formation dated to the latest Pliocene or basal Pleistocene. Rigby (1995) assigned them to modern Cocos nucifera based on its size. [26] [27] In Colombia, a single Cocos-like fruit was recovered from the middle to late Paleocene Cerrejón Formation. The fruit, however, was compacted in the fossilization process and it was not possible to determine if it had the diagnostic three pores that characterize members of the tribe Cocoseae. Nevertheless, Gomez-Navarro et al. (2009), assigned it to Cocos based on the size and the ridged shape of the fruit. [32] Researchers from the Melbourne Museum in Australia observed the octopus species Amphioctopus marginatus use tools, specifically coconut shells, for defense and shelter. The discovery of this behavior was observed in Bali and North Sulawesi in Indonesia between 1998 and 2008. [167] [168] [169] Amphioctopus marginatus is the first invertebrate known to be able to use tools. [168] [170] Copra is the dried meat of the seed and after processing produces coconut oil and coconut meal. Coconut oil, aside from being used in cooking as an ingredient and for frying, is used in soaps, cosmetics, hair oil, and massage oil. Coconut oil is also a main ingredient in Ayurvedic oils. In Vanuatu, coconut palms for copra production are generally spaced 9m (30ft) apart, allowing a tree density of 100 to 160 per hectare (40 to 65 per acre).
Zizumbo-Villarreal, D.; Arellano-Morín, J. Germination patterns in coconut populations ( Cocos nucifera L.) in Mexico. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 1998, 45, 465–473. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] However, coconut flour is best used in recipes that have been tested, as it won’t rise like wheat flour and absorbs more liquid than other types of flour. Balachandran, C.; Arumughan, C. Biochemical and cytochemical transformations in germinating coconut ( Cocos nucifera L.). JAOCS J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1995, 72, 1385–1391. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]
Coconut flour is used in baking as a substitute for wheat flour. It’s gluten-free, nut-free, and a popular option for anyone who’s counting carbs. The ancient coconut groves of Dhofar were mentioned by the medieval Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta in his writings, known as Al Rihla. [108] The annual rainy season known locally as khareef or monsoon makes coconut cultivation easy on the Arabian east coast. The leaves are used for thatching houses, or for decorating climbing frames and meeting rooms in Cambodia, where the plant is known as dôô:ng. [159] Timber Coconut trunk Hawaiians hollowed out the trunk to form drums, containers, or small canoes. The "branches" (leaf petioles) are strong and flexible enough to make a switch. The use of coconut branches in corporal punishment was revived in the Gilbertese community on Choiseul in the Solomon Islands in 2005. [164] RootsIn the Ilocos region of the northern Philippines, the Ilocano people fill two halved coconut shells with diket (cooked sweet rice), and place liningta nga itlog (halved boiled egg) on top of it. This ritual, known as niniyogan, is an offering made to the deceased and one's ancestors. This accompanies the palagip (prayer to the dead). Gurr, G.M.; Johnson, A.C.; Ash, G.J.; Wilson, B.A.; Ero, M.M.; Pilotti, C.A.; Dewhurst, C.F.; You, M.S. Coconut lethal yellowing diseases: A phytoplasma threat to palms of global economic and social significance. Front. Plant Sci. 2016, 7, 1521. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed][ Green Version] Whole mature coconuts (11 to 13 months from flowering) sold for export, however, typically have the husk removed to reduce weight and volume for transport. This results in the naked coconut "shell" with three pores more familiar in countries where coconuts are not grown locally. De-husked coconuts typically weigh around 750 to 850 grams (1lb 10oz to 1lb 14oz). De-husked coconuts are also easier for consumers to open, but have a shorter postharvest storage life of around two to three weeks at temperatures of 12 to 15°C (54 to 59°F) or up to 2 months at 0 to 1.5°C (32.0 to 34.7°F). In comparison, mature coconuts with the husk intact can be stored for three to five months at normal room temperature . [21] [22] Roots
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