CARLO I

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The King gave an annual speech to the nation on Christmas Eve and was, as King, the commander-in-chief of the Spanish armed forces. Ultimately, Franco decided to skip a generation and name Infante Juan Carlos as his personal successor. Franco hoped the young prince could be groomed to take over the nation while still maintaining the ultraconservative and authoritarian nature of his regime. [20] In 1969, Juan Carlos was officially designated heir-apparent and was given the new title of Prince of Spain (not the traditional Prince of Asturias). [20] As a condition of being named heir-apparent, he was required to swear loyalty to Franco's Movimiento Nacional, which he did with little outward hesitation. [23] His choice was ratified by the Spanish parliament on 22 July 1969. [24] Charles I was born in Fife on 19 November 1600, the second son of James VI of Scotland and Anne of Denmark. On the death of Elizabeth I in 1603 James became king of England and Ireland. Charles's popular older brother Henry, whom he adored, died in 1612 leaving Charles as heir, and in 1625 he became king. Three months after his accession he married Henrietta Maria of France. They had a happy marriage and left five surviving children. Grandesso, Corrado (May 9, 1993). "E' morto il "re pescatore" ". La Stampa. p.13 . Retrieved 28 March 2012. Parliament had entered an armed alliance with the predominant Scottish Presbyterian group under the Solemn League and Covenant of 1643, and from 1644 onwards Parliament's armies gained the upper hand - particularly with the improved training and discipline of the New Model Army.

Swiss and Spanish prosecutors also investigated several accounts related to the former King, such as an account in Switzerland with almost €8 million [119] and an attempt to withdraw nearly €10 million from Jersey, possibly from a trust set up by or for Juan Carlos in the 1990s. [120] [121] Juan Carlos claims he is "not responsible for any Jersey trust and never has been, either directly or indirectly". [122] Controversy and disputes dogged Charles throughout his reign. They eventually led to civil wars, first with the Scots from 1637, in Ireland from 1641, and then England (1642-46 and 1648). The wars deeply divided people at the time, and historians still disagree about the real causes of the conflict, but it is clear that Charles was not a successful ruler. The caption ‘Juancar? Who is Juancar? My name is Guy Incognito’, is a reference to an episode of The Simpsons) Bolstered by the failure of the English Short Parliament, the Scottish Parliament declared itself capable of governing without the king's consent, and in August 1640 the Covenanter army moved into the English county of Northumberland. [142] Following the illness of Lord Northumberland, who was the king's commander-in-chief, Charles and Strafford went north to command the English forces, despite Strafford being ill himself with a combination of gout and dysentery. [143] The Scottish soldiery, many of whom were veterans of the Thirty Years' War, [144] had far greater morale and training than their English counterparts. They met virtually no resistance until reaching Newcastle upon Tyne, where they defeated the English forces at the Battle of Newburn and occupied the city, as well as the neighbouring county of Durham. [145]The dictatorial regime of Francisco Franco came to power during the Spanish Civil War, which pitted a government of democrats, anarchists, socialists, and communists, supported by the Soviet Union and international volunteers, against a rebellion of conservatives, monarchists, nationalists, and fascists, supported by both Hitler and Mussolini, with the rebels ultimately winning. [19] Franco's authoritarian government remained dominant in Spain until the 1960s. With Franco's increasing age, left-wing protests increased, while at the same time, the far right factions demanded the return of a hardline absolute monarchy. At the time, the heir to the throne of Spain was Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona, the son of King Alfonso XIII. [20] However, Franco viewed him with extreme suspicion, believing him to be a liberal who was opposed to his regime. [21] Carlton, Charles (1995), Charles I: The Personal Monarch (2nded.), London: Routledge, ISBN 0-4151-2141-8 Daughter of Paolo I and Pasqua Favale, born 1841, she took up the crown at the request of her nephew Paolo (Carlo's son and designated successor) during his absence from the island (he had left the island looking for a job). When Mariangela died April 6, 1934, it was reported that Italy would inherit the kingdom. [17] [18] Paolo II (1929–1962) [ edit ]

Juan Carlos's first cousin Alfonso, Duke of Anjou and Cádiz, was also briefly considered as a candidate. Alfonso was known to be an ardent Francoist and married Franco's granddaughter, Doña María del Carmen Martínez-Bordiú y Franco, in 1972. [22] Main article: Execution of Charles I Contemporary German print of Charles I's beheading outside the Banqueting House, Whitehall By 1604, when Charles was three-and-a-half, he was able to walk the length of the great hall at Dunfermline Palace without assistance, and it was decided that he was strong enough to journey to England to be reunited with his family. In mid-July 1604, he left Dunfermline for England, where he was to spend most of the rest of his life. [5] In England, Charles was placed under the charge of Elizabeth, Lady Carey, the wife of courtier Sir Robert Carey, who put him in boots made of Spanish leather and brass to help strengthen his weak ankles. [6] His speech development was also slow, and he had a stammer for the rest of his life. [7] Portrait by Robert Peake, c. 1611 Whilst His Highness Prince Alfonso was cleaning a revolver last evening with his brother, a shot was fired hitting his forehead and killing him in a few minutes. The accident took place at 20.30 hours, after the Infante's return from the Maundy Thursday religious service, during which he had received holy communion.Charles suspected, probably correctly, that some members of the English Parliament had colluded with the invading Scots. [200] On 3 January 1642, Charles directed Parliament to give up five members of the Commons—Pym, John Hampden, Denzil Holles, William Strode and Sir Arthur Haselrig—and one peer, Lord Mandeville, on the grounds of high treason. [201] When Parliament refused, it was possibly Henrietta Maria who persuaded Charles to arrest the five members by force, which he intended to do personally. [202] But news of the warrant reached Parliament ahead of him, and the wanted men slipped away by boat shortly before Charles entered the House of Commons with an armed guard on 4 January. [203] Having displaced Speaker William Lenthall from his chair, the king asked him where the MPs had fled. Lenthall, on his knees, [204] famously replied, "May it please your Majesty, I have neither eyes to see nor tongue to speak in this place but as the House is pleased to direct me, whose servant I am here." [205] Charles abjectly declared "all my birds have flown", and was forced to retire empty-handed. [206] The official style of Charles I as king in England was "Charles, by the Grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc." [331] The style "of France" was only nominal, and was used by every English monarch from Edward III to George III, regardless of the amount of French territory actually controlled. [332] The authors of his death warrant called him "Charles Stuart, King of England". [333] Honours Carlton 1995, p.353; Edwards 1999, p.178; Gregg 1981, p.444; Hibbert 1968, p.279; Holmes 2006, p.93. Manca, Tania. Viaggiatori europei. Dall'esplorazione del mondo al viaggio in Sardegna (700 e 800), Carlo Delfino, Sassari 2005. Donaghan, Barbara (1995), "Halcyon Days and the Literature of the War: England's Military Education before 1642", Past and Present, vol.147, no.147, pp.65–100, doi: 10.1093/past/147.1.65, JSTOR 651040

Charles I (19 November 1600– 30 January 1649) [a] was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649.Wallis, John Eyre Winstanley (1921), English Regnal Years and Titles: Hand-lists, Easter dates, etc, London: Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge

Hale, Walter (Nov 1904). "The Search for a Lost Republic". Harper's Monthly Magazine. CIX (DCXLIX): 929–936. Although Charles had promised Parliament in 1624 that there would be no advantages for recusants (people refusing to attend Church of England services), were he to marry a Roman Catholic bride, the French insisted on a commitment to remove all disabilities upon Roman Catholic subjects. Kishlansky, Mark A.; Morrill, John (October 2008) [2004], "Charles I (1600–1649)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (onlineed.), Oxford University Press, doi: 10.1093/ref:odnb/5143 (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Morta la principessa dell'isola di Tavolara ha compiuto ieri 104 anni". La Stampa. Feb 12, 1974. p.8 . Retrieved 28 March 2012. Finelli, Riccardo. C'è di mezzo il mare - Viaggio nelle micro-isole italiane, Incontri ed., Sassuolo 2008.

On the evening of Holy Thursday, 29 March 1956, Infante Alfonso died in a gun accident at the family's home Villa Giralda in Estoril, on the Portuguese Riviera. The Spanish Embassy in Portugal then issued the following official communiqué: [11] In mid-1642, both sides began to arm. Charles raised an army using the medieval method of commission of array, and Parliament called for volunteers for its militia. [214] The negotiations proved futile, and Charles raised the royal standard in Nottingham on 22 August 1642. [215] By then, his forces controlled roughly the Midlands, Wales, the West Country and northern England. He set up his court at Oxford. Parliament controlled London, the south-east and East Anglia, as well as the English navy. [216] I'm sure that at the slightest gesture from Florentino, Carlo stays. He's perfect for Real Madrid and Real Madrid is perfect for him." Russell, Conrad (1990), "The Man Charles Stuart", The Causes of the English Civil War, Oxford University Press, pp.185–211 Unrest in Scotland - because Charles attempted to force a new prayer book on the country - put an end to his personal rule. He was forced to call parliament to obtain funds to fight the Scots. In November 1641, tensions were raised even further with disagreements over who should command an army to suppress an uprising in Ireland. Charles attempted to have five members of parliament arrested and in August 1642, raised the royal standard at Nottingham. Civil war began.