The Knights of Bushido: A History of Japanese War Crimes During World War II

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He became Deputy Judge Advocate General (United Kingdom) to the British Army of the Rhine in 1945. He was one of the chief legal advisers during war-crimes proceedings, for both the Nuremberg trials and the Tokyo tribunal, held following the end of the Second World War. Bushido regained popularity and became intertwined with Japan's nationalist expression in the mid-1800s in response to Britain's invasion of China in the First Opium War. Xenophobia toward Westerners rose in Japan during the 1850s and 1860s which contributed to the perceived legitimacy of the imperial restoration. Use of "bushido" in text increased during this period and its concept was viewed with more positivity. While it disappeared during the 1870s, it reappeared in the 1880s to express the loss of traditional values during the rapid introduction of Western civilization and a renewed sense of urgency to defend Japanese traditions. [80] The victory of Japan over China in 1895 restored a feeling of pride in bushido, which was considered the "origin of military success." [81] a b c d e f g Dodd, Simon Alexander; Brown, David (25 June 2016). "Kata – The true essence of Budo martial arts?". Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas. 11 (1): 32–47. doi: 10.18002/rama.v11i1.3693. Access-restricted-item true Addeddate 2022-07-29 09:01:31 Autocrop_version 0.0.14_books-20220331-0.2 Bookplateleaf 0004 Boxid IA40616013 Camera Sony Alpha-A6300 (Control) Collection_set printdisabled External-identifier Virginia Schomp (1998). Japan in the Days of the Samurai (Cultures of the Past). Benchmark Books. p.59. ISBN 0761403043.

a b 再發"參拜靖國神社"論 李登輝媚日情結大起底 3 November 2010. People's Daily. 兩岸網. 3 November 2010. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2012. a b Shin'ichi, Saeki (2008). "Figures du samouraï dans l'histoire japonaise: Depuis Le Dit des Heiké jusqu'au Bushidô". Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales. 4: 877–894.a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Naosuke Heya (部谷 直亮) (March 8, 2017). "自衛隊よ、武士道に入れあげていると破滅するぞ (Self-Defense Forces, if you put it in Bushido, it will be ruined)". Archived from the original on May 29, 2019. Ideas of the samurai code formalized earlier samurai moral values and ethical code, most commonly stressing a combination of sincerity, frugality, loyalty, martial arts mastery, honour until death, [7] "bravery", and "loyalty to the samurai's lord." [8] The idea of a samurai code or codes was developed and refined centuries before the Edo period in the Kamakura period. [7] When the Geneva Convention was re-enacted, Japan did not sign it. Its military, then rising in power, refused to follow the rules the diplomats had prepared b Bushido continues to exist in various forms in for example business, communication, martial arts and as a way of life. [1] [30] [46] [31] [109] [29] This is also called the bushido spirit. [11] [116] Modern translations [ edit ]

K. A. Grossberg & N. Kanamoto 1981, The Laws of the Muromachi Bakufu: Kemmu Shikimoku (1336) and Muromachi Bakufu Tsuikaho, MN Monographs (Sophia UP) Multiple bushido types have existed through history. The code varied due to influences such as Zen Buddhism, Shinto, Confucianism as well as changes in society and on the battlefield. [41] [1] [42] The consistent ideal is martial spirit, including athletic, military skills and valor: fearlessness toward the enemy in battle. [41] [1] Bushido is a path that the samurai of each era pursued for their entire existence. Daniel Crump Buchanan, ed. (1965). Japanese Proverbs and Sayings. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 119. ISBN 0806110821. a b c d e f Gaskin, Carol; Hawkins, Vince. Breve historia de los samuráis (Juan Antonio Cebrián, trad.). London. Nowtilus S.L., 2004. Print. ISBN 8-49763-140-4. pg. 56.

The world of warriors which developed […] in the medieval period (12th – 16th century) was […] placed under the domination of the Buddhist religion […]. Buddhism makes the prohibition of killing living beings one of its main principles. […] Faced with death, some samurai thought they had inherited bad karma […] others knew they were doing evil. The Buddhist notion of impermanence (Mujo) tended to express a certain meaning to the fragility of existence, […]. Beliefs in the pure land of Buddha Amida […] allowed some warriors to hope for an Amidist paradise […]. Zen Buddhism with its doctrine of the oneness between life and death was also appreciated by many samurai […]. The world of medieval warriors remained a universe still largely dominated by the supernatural, and the belief in particular, in the tormented souls of warriors fallen in combat (who) returned almost obsessively in the dreams of the living. This idea also ensured the success of the Noh theater. [ citation needed] a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb Kasaya Kazuhiko (June 12, 2019). "Bushidō: An Ethical and Spiritual Foundation in Japan". Nippon.com. Archived from the original on 8 November 2019.

Representative and important figures: Kōsaka Masanobu, Saito Chikamori, Yamaga Soko, Daidoji Tomoyama, Yagyu Munenori, Yamaoka Tesshu, Miyamoto Musashi, Yamamoto Tsunetomo, Hishikawa MoronobuAccording to the social psychologist Toshio Yamagishi ( ja:山岸俊男, 1948–2018) "Bushido is the ideal human image formed mainly in the Edo period, in other words a virtue in the groupism world." [76] It was the perfect person that fitted the ideal control of the samurai administration in the Edo period. [76] Meiji-Showa (1868–1945) [ edit ] Three samurai with different weapons, the one on the left has a yumi, in the center a katana and on the right a yari Representative and important figures: Takeda Shingen, Uesugi Kenshin, Oda Nobunaga, Tokugawa Ieyasu, Katō Kiyomasa, Nabeshima Naoshige

The entrepreneur Fukuzawa Yukichi appreciated bushido and emphasized that maintaining the morale of scholars is the essence of eternal life. [83] [84] Nitoto Inazuke submitted his book, Bushido, to Emperor Meiji and stated, "Bushido is prosperous here, assists Komo, and promotes the national style, so that the public will return to the patriotic virtues of loyal ministers." He wrote that bushido has slightly different requirements for men and women. For women, bushido means guarding their chastity, educating their children, supporting their husbands and maintaining their families. [85] In his book "Theory and Arithmetic" (論語と算盤), he advocated the word "samurai business talent" (士魂商才). He linked the spirit of the samurai (bushido with the influence of Confucianism) to economic activity and denied immoral merchants for self-interest.Louis Dillon (October 14, 2019). "Exercise Bushido Guardian comes to an end". Archived from the original on January 1, 2021. Thomas Cleary, Samurai Wisdom: Lessons from Japan's Warrior Culture; Five Classic Texts on Bushido. Vermont: Tuttle Publishing, 2009. 28 In an excerpt from his book Samurai: The World of the Warrior, [125] historian Stephen Turnbull describes the role of seppuku in feudal Japan: Turnbull, Stephen. Samurai The Story of Japan's Great Warriors. London. Prc Publishing Ltd, 2004. Print. pg. 231. Imperial Japan saw itself as a 'warrior nation' – and the idea lingers today". The Conversation. 22 December 2017. Archived from the original on April 28, 2019 . Retrieved 25 August 2019.