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Grimly fascinating - a timely and gripping exploration of mental health issues in the criminal justice system from an author intimately acquainted with its dark heart. * Harriet Tyce, author of Blood Orange * Baron, A., & Banaji, M. R. (2006). The Development of Implicit Attitudes. Psychological Science, 17, 53-58. See also, Rutland, A., Cameron, L., Milne, A., & McGeorge, P. (2005). Social norms and self-presentation: Children’s implicit and explicit intergroup attitudes. Child Development, 76(2), 451-466.
Kerry Daynes is a registered Consultant Forensic Psychologist with over twenty years' experience of working on the frontline of forensic psychology. She was often invited to act as psychological specialist in major police investigations and as a trusted advisor to the British government regarding the safe management of high-risk individuals. Part of her day job still involves acting as an expert witness in court, for parole boards and training the police. But rather than feeling compromised and frustrated within the system, she now spends the majority of her time trying to affect change from the outside - as an engaging speaker and as an advocate for better conversations around crime, justice and mental health. She is a patron of the National Centre for Domestic Violence and Talking2Minds and, as a victim of stalking herself, acts as a spokeswoman for the Suzy Lamplugh Trust's stalking-related campaigns. Thanks for the fantastic article. I’m wondering what you take to be the main theoretical options for what kind of implicit attitude the IAT reveals. What people actually do on the IAT is associate one concept with another. But we can still ask what kind of underlying psychological state explains that behavior. In my mind this raises two main questions.http://faculty.washington.edu/agg/ (follow link titled “Studies showing use of the IAT with “real world” subject populations”) The intervention was successful! At the outset, the level of implicit racial bias was equivalent for our intervention and control groups. The level of bias remained unchanged for the control group participants – despite having been made aware of the implicit bias. However, by week 4 and extending through week 8, those in the training group showed a dramatic drop in their IAT scores. This study provides the first evidence that people can use the power of their conscious minds to reduce implicit biases. It seems clear, however, that awareness of one’s implicit bias is not sufficient to break the prejudice habit, though it may be necessary. It appears that people also need guidance on how to break the prejudice habit. Once equipped with strategies, those concerned about discrimination and their role in perpetuating it, however unwittingly, will do the work to reduce their biases.
If and when] an individual makes an attempt to see his shadow, he becomes aware of (and often ashamed of) those qualities and impulses he denies in himself but can plainly see in others—such things as egotism, mental laziness, and sloppiness; unreal fantasies, schemes, and plots; carelessness and cowardice; inordinate love of money and possessions... [33] :174
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A White construction worker who was once interviewed regarding his IAT result (he had showed no bias one way or another) said that he didn’t notice things like that. His spouse was surprised that in identifying a co-worker, he hadn’t immediately identified the co-worker as Hispanic, which may have been the most obvious way to single him out from the group. Our construction worker said that he didn’t notice things like that. It is possible that some of those who do not show the majority pattern are oblivious in this way. Others tell more expected stories about trying to lead an examined life around social issues and practicing counterstereotypic behavior. But we have no way of knowing whether this actually accounts for their IAT behavior. So far, we have found no clear story we can tell about the qualities of those who don’t show the standard effect of ingroup preference (we haven’t had the time to do intensive studies of this), it is an oft-asked question to which I don’t have a good answer. Massi, Danielle. 2022. Shadow Work: Face Hidden Fears, Heal Trauma, Awaken Your Dream Life. New York: Sterling Ethos. Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5-18. Second, insofar as the issue above is unsettled, I’d like to urge much more caution in characterizing IAT results in terms of “implicit bias,” especially in cases where those results appear to contradict the subject’s avowed values and attitudes. It cannot be just assumed that the IAT results constitute evidence against the subject’s own reports — in advance of independent evidence, the mismatch could equally well be taken as evidence that the IAT is not tapping into stable or deeply held attitudes. I say this not because I think that we human beings are infallible about our own mental states — demonstrably, there are cases in which our own motivations are opaque to us. But we also know that associations can outlive changes in beliefs and preferences. (Having been an atheist now for nearly forty years, I find I still think “full of grace” to myself whenever I’m introduced to someone named “Mary.”) In cases where a person has devoted a great deal of thought to an issue, or when a person has made a great effort to change her behavior, there is reason to think she knows her own mind, and we should not be casual about contradicting her. The charge of “bias” is incendiary, even if it’s explained that the bias is presumed to be unconscious, and hence not something for which the subject is necessarily responsible.
The IAT data were unexpected. Not so much that we see evidence of ingroup preference at the earliest age we were able to test but rather in the stark stability of the preference across development. Year upon year of greater experience with race seems to have no impact on the IAT attitude. We are left with the conclusion that whatever the nature of the preference detected by the IAT, it is a primitive form of attitude that expresses itself relatively early in life and doesn’t change with increased experience with the attitude object that must occur between age 6 and adulthood. Clark, Margaret (2005). Understanding the Self-Ego Relationship in Clinical Practice: Towards Individuation. The Society of Analytical Psychology Monograph Series. Routledge. p.93. ISBN 978-0-367-10552-5. Active imagination is a technique that promotes dialogue between the ego and the self. The ego is deliberately set aside temporarily, and images from the unconscious arise and develop; the ego watches the story unfold as in a theatre, noting plot, characters, setting, dialogue. [...] If the patient is on their own [doing solo-work], it is obviously important that their ego is able to cope with whatever images and affects the self produces [...] the practitioner of active imagination can be overwhelmed by the emerging unconscious material[.] [...] Art therapy and drama therapy are based on the theory of active imagination; images can also be formulated in pottery, or poetry. Enantiodromia—based on the concept of midlife crisis—is redirected psychic energy (q.v., decathexis). [56] A great modern example of this, is the case in the TV Show, Dexter. Dexter is a serial killer who attempts to maintain the appearance of a normal life. Dexter has a lot of trouble with intimate relationships, because he is unable to share his Shadow side (the murderer) with even his closest partners. This repression and hiding of the shadow causes a lot of internal stress for Dexter, and often leads to the dissolution of relationships.Shadow traits can also be positive aspects of a personality. Maybe you have associated your natural assertiveness with shame, because you were disciplined away from it at a young age. Or maybe your creativity was neglected because you were taught that it less valuable than “hard skills.” This is why Shadow Integration is such an important tool for making progress in the process of Individuation– a term coined by Carl Jung which represents the journey a mind must undergo to achieve wholeness. Individuation is a process of transformation whereby the personal and collective unconscious are brought into consciousness (e.g., by means of dreams, active imagination, or free association) to be assimilated into the whole personality. It is a completely natural process necessary for the integration of the psyche… Individuation has a holistic healing effect on the person, both mentally and physically.” Carl Jung Johnson, Robert A. 1993. Owning Your Own Shadow: Understanding the Dark Side of the Psyche. Harper San Francisco, 128 pp. ISBN 0-06-250754-0. Kerry Daynes delves into the minds of psychopaths in a fascinating memoir.' Katya Edwards, Daily Mail
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