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Lüning, K., 1980. Critical levels of light and temperature regulating the gametogenesis of three laminaria species (Phaeophyceae). Journal of Phycology, 16, 1-15. To document the seasonal pattern of reproduction of S. latissima in inner Danish waters, with the hypothesis that the seasonal pattern of sori formation in S. latissima in Danish waters is similar to the generally described pattern in North Atlantic waters, where S. latissima is reproductive during winter
Overview of life history. Saccharina latissima has a typical laminarian life history, in which a macroscopic and structurally complex diploid sporophyte phase alternates with a microscopic haploid gametophyte. The species is a short-lived perennial. Sporophytes (clearly visible adult plants) typically have a lifespan of twoto fouryears, although plants may occur as annuals. Specimens over four years old have been recorded from a fjord in Greenland (Borum et al., 2002). Lee, J.A. & Brinkhuis, B.H., 1988. Seasonal light and temperature interaction effects on development of Laminaria saccharina (Phaeophyta) gametophytes and juvenile sporophytes. Journal of Phycology, 24, 181-191. The evidence used is stated in the rationale. Where the assessment can be based on a known activity then this is stated. The tolerance to contaminants of species of interest will be included in the rationale when available; together with relevant supporting material. Further details. Kain, J.M., 1975a. Algal recolonization of some cleared subtidal areas. Journal of Ecology, 63, 739-765. Bisalputra, T., Shields, C.M. & Markham, J.M., 1971. In situ observations of the fine structure of Laminaria gametophytes and embryos in culture. Journal de Microscopie, 10, 83-98.
Lüning, K. & Dring, M.J., 1975. Reproduction, growth and photosynthesis of gametophytes of Laminaria saccharina grown in blue and red light. Marine Biology, 29, 195-200.
Cell division in the young sporophyte gives rise to a broad flat thallus but eventually, a meristem gives rise to a flat blade above it and a cylindrical stipe below (Burrows, 1971). By this stage, the plant has taken on the recognizable 'kelp shape'.Borum J, Pedersen MF, Krause-Jensen D, Christensen PB, Nielsen K (2002) Biomass, photosynthesis and growth of Laminaria saccharina in a high-arctic fjord, NE Greenland. Mar Biol 141:11–19
Therefore, both short term acute changes and longer term, chronic changes may have an adverse effect on populations of Saccharina latissima and an intolerance of intermediate has been recorded accordingly. Recovery should be high because the species rapidly colonizes cleared areas of the substratum. Kain (1975) recorded that Saccharina latissima (studied as Laminaria saccharina) was abundant six months after substratum was cleared. In the laboratory, under optimal conditions, it took at least eight months to reach the size of fertile plants in the field with blades between 1-2 m long (Gerard, unpublished, cited in Gerard & Du Bois, 1988).Benchmark. Force equivalent to a standard scallop dredge landing on or being dragged across the organism. A single event is assumed for assessment. This factor includes mechanical interference, crushing, physical blows against, or rubbing and erosion of the organism or habitat of interest. Where trampling is relevant, the evidence and trampling intensity will be reported in the rationale. Further details.
Polymerase chain reaction mixtures (PCRs) contained 25 µL (12.5 µL MyTaq™ Mix (Bioline, Meridian Bioscience, Inc., USA), 8 µL of sterile H 2O, 1 µL of each primer (10 µM) and 2.5 µL DNA extract). DNA extracts were diluted with sterile H 2O at least to 1:10 or 1:100, to avoid inhibition of PCRs by high concentrations of impurities in the extract. The PCR program (Biometra ® T Gradient thermocycler, Analytik Jana, Germany) was: 2min at 94°C, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94°C (30 s), annealing at 50°C (1min) and elongation at 72°C (2min), and a final extension step at 72°C for 10min. For subsequent sequencing, PCR products were purified either with the PureLink™ PCR Purification Kit (Invitrogen, ThermoFischer Scientific, Germany) or the SureClean Plus Kit (Bioline, Meridian Bioscience, Inc., USA), following the manufacturers’ protocols. Purified products were sequenced commercially (Eurofins Genomics, Germany). 2.2.2 Phylogenetics Most of the Lattissima models have labeled buttons that you use to make your drink selections. The exception is the Lattissima Pro which also has a digital display screen. Power And Speed JNCC (Joint Nature Conservation Committee), 1999. Marine Environment Resource Mapping And Information Database (MERMAID): Marine Nature Conservation Review Survey Database. [on-line] http://www.jncc.gov.uk/mermaid
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Evidence Saccharina latissima can only tolerate short periods of emergence in wave exposed conditions, where the plants are kept moist by spray. On exposure to air the species suffers desiccation and decreased growth rate because emergence prevents photosynthesis in Saccharina latissima (studied as Laminaria saccharina) (Kain, 1979). An increase in the period of emersion would result in a depression of the species upper limit. However, it is also possible that it an increase in emergence would extend the lower limit of the population through increased irradiances to areas previously too deep for light-saturated photosynthesis. Therefore an intolerance of intermediate has been recorded. Recovery should be high because the species rapidly colonizes cleared areas of the substratum. In Port Erin, Isle of Man, Kain (1975) recorded that Saccharina latissima (studied as Laminaria saccharina) was abundant six months after substratum was cleared. In the laboratory, under optimal conditions, it took at least eight months to reach the size of fertile plants in the field with blades between 1-2 m long (Gerard, unpublished, cited in Gerard & Du Bois, 1988). Lyngby, J.E. & Mortensen, S.M., 1996. Effects of dredging activities on growth of Laminaria saccharina. Marine Ecology, Publicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli I, 17, 345-354. evidence of reduced abundance, or extent of a population of the species or community of interest (either short or long term) in response to a contaminant will be ranked as intermediate sensitivity; There are currently five different Nespresso Lattissima machine models made by De’Longhi – the Gran, Pro, Plus, Touch and One. As you will see in my Nespresso Lattissima comparison guide below, the Gran and Pro have some additional features that the other three don’t. That is why they are more expensive. Lattissima Model Nimura K, Mizuta H, Yamamoto H (2002) Critical contents of nitrogen and phosphorus for sorus formation in four Laminaria species. Bot Mar 45:184–188
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