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See also: History of electronic engineering and Timeline of electrical and electronic engineering One of the earliest Audion radio receivers, constructed by De Forest in 1914 Intel to deliver first computer chip with two billion transistors". The Sydney Morning Herald. 5 February 2008. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022 . Retrieved 12 August 2022. This article is about the technical field. For personal/home-use electronic devices, see consumer electronics. For the journal, see Electronics (magazine). Modern surface-mount electronic components on a printed circuit board, with a large integrated circuit at the top Pugh, Emerson W.; Johnson, Lyle R.; Palmer, John H. (1991). IBM's 360 and early 370 systems. MIT Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0262161237.

a b "The History of the Integrated Circuit". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 April 2012.Lojek, Bo (2007). History of Semiconductor Engineering. Springer Science & Business Media. pp.321–323. ISBN 978-3540342588. Sometimes it may be difficult to differentiate between analog and digital circuits as they have elements of both linear and non-linear operation. An example is the comparator which takes in a continuous range of voltage but only outputs one of two levels as in a digital circuit. Similarly, an overdriven transistor amplifier can take on the characteristics of a controlled switch having essentially two levels of output. In fact, many digital circuits are actually implemented as variations of analog circuits similar to this example– after all, all aspects of the real physical world are essentially analog, so digital effects are only realized by constraining analog behaviour. a b Moskowitz, Sanford L. (2016). Advanced Materials Innovation: Managing Global Technology in the 21st century. John Wiley & Sons. p.168. ISBN 978-0470508923. Archived from the original on 5 November 2020 . Retrieved 22 August 2019. Open Circuits: The Inner Beauty of Electronic Components by Eric Schlaepfer and Windell Oksay. No Starch, 2022. A coffee-table guide to all your favorite electronic bits and pieces. What's going on inside them and how do they really work? Many different methods of connecting components have been used over the years. For instance, early electronics often used point to point wiring with components attached to wooden breadboards to construct circuits. Cordwood construction and wire wrap were other methods used. Most modern day electronics now use printed circuit boards made of materials such as FR4, or the cheaper (and less hard-wearing) Synthetic Resin Bonded Paper ( SRBP, also known as Paxoline/Paxolin (trade marks) and FR2) – characterised by its brown colour. Health and environmental concerns associated with electronics assembly have gained increased attention in recent years, especially for products destined to go to European markets.

Digital circuits are electric circuits based on a number of discrete voltage levels. Digital circuits are the most common physical representation of Boolean algebra and are the basis of all digital computers. To most engineers, the terms "digital circuit", "digital system" and "logic" are interchangeable in the context of digital circuits. J. Lienig; H. Bruemmer (2017). Fundamentals of Electronic Systems Design. Springer International Publishing. p.1. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-55840-0. ISBN 978-3319558394. Important semiconductor industry facilities (which often are subsidiaries of a leading producer based elsewhere) also exist in Europe (notably the Netherlands), Southeast Asia, South America, and Israel. [35] See also [ edit ]Most analog electronic appliances, such as radio receivers, are constructed from combinations of a few types of basic circuits. Analog circuits use a continuous range of voltage or current as opposed to discrete levels as in digital circuits. Daniels, Lee A. (28 May 1992). "Dr. Dawon Kahng, 61, Inventor in Field of Solid-State Electronics". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020 . Retrieved 1 April 2017. Evil Mad Scientist: A weekly updated blog that delivers electronics projects (and other "maker"-type stuff) with wit, ingenuity, and open-source ethos. Principles of Electronics is a 2002 book by Colin Simpson designed to accompany the Electronics Technician distance education program and contains a concise and practical overview of the basic principles, including theorems, circuit behavior and problem-solving procedures of Electronic circuits and devices. The textbook reinforces concepts with practical "real-world" applications as well as the mathematical solution, allowing readers to more easily relate the academic to the actual.

PCB design made easy for every engineer". Autodesk. 19 April 2023. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023 . Retrieved 19 April 2023. October 1897: The Discovery of the Electron". Archived from the original on 19 September 2018 . Retrieved 19 September 2018. American scientists Theodore Fulton and Gerald Dolan of Bell Laboratories develop the first single-electron transistor.Motoyoshi, M. (2009). "Through-Silicon Via (TSV)". Proceedings of the IEEE. 97 (1): 43–48. doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2008.2007462. ISSN 0018-9219. S2CID 29105721. a b "Who Invented the Transistor?". Computer History Museum. 4 December 2013. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013 . Retrieved 20 July 2019. Guarnieri, M. (2012). "The age of Vacuum Tubes: Merging with Digital Computing". IEEE Ind. Electron. M. 6 (3): 52–55. doi: 10.1109/MIE.2012.2207830. S2CID 41800914. Electronics has hugely influenced the development of modern society. The identification of the electron in 1897, along with the subsequent invention of the vacuum tube which could amplify and rectify small electrical signals, inaugurated the field of electronics and the electron age. [1] Practical applications started with the invention of the diode by Ambrose Fleming and the triode by Lee De Forest in the early 1900s, which made the detection of small electrical voltages such as radio signals from a radio antenna possible with a non-mechanical device. Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated". The Silicon Engine. Computer History Museum. Archived from the original on 27 October 2019 . Retrieved 23 July 2019.