The Earth from the Air: Yann Arthus-Bertrand

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The homosphere and heterosphere are defined by whether the atmospheric gases are well mixed. The surface-based homosphere includes the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and the lowest part of the thermosphere, where the chemical composition of the atmosphere does not depend on molecular weight because the gases are mixed by turbulence. [33] This relatively homogeneous layer ends at the turbopause found at about 100km (62mi; 330,000ft), the very edge of space itself as accepted by the FAI, which places it about 20km (12mi; 66,000ft) above the mesopause. To tie in with the exhibition's environmental message, The Forum is hosting a string of thought-provoking events, business lectures, RSPB seminars and a BBC Family Fun Day. Came across it last night, my journey was suddenly curtailed, loved images and the facts which resonated in so may ways.Didn't do the work justice will take my sons there to see it again, loved the way it was so accessible and no grafitti.Thank you Birds Eye and Birmingham Cox, Arthur N., ed. (2000), Allen's Astrophysical Quantities (Fourthed.), AIP Press, pp.258–259, ISBN 0-387-98746-0 , which rounds N 2 and O 2 to four significant digits without affecting the total because 0.004% was removed from N 2 and added to O 2. It includes 20 constituents. Most of Earth’s history took place in the Pre cambrian, which began when Earth was cooling and ended about 542 million years ago. Life began in the Precambrian, in the forms of bacteria and other single-celled organisms. Fossils from the Precambrian are rare and difficult to study. The Precambrian supereon is usually broken into three eons: the Hadean, the Archaean, and the Proterozoic.

The relative concentration of gases remains constant until about 10,000m (33,000ft). [17] Stratification Earth's atmosphere. Lower four layers of the atmosphere in three dimensions as seen diagonally from above the exobase. Layers drawn to scale, objects within the layers are not to scale. Aurorae shown here at the bottom of the thermosphere can actually form at any altitude in this atmospheric layer. Plants and animals each produce the gases that the other needs to live. Plants need carbon dioxide—people and other animals exhale carbon dioxide as a waste product. People and other animals need oxygen—plants produce oxygen during an important process called photosynthesis, which turns the sun’s energy into nutrients.The greenhouse effect is directly related to this absorption and emission effect. Some gases in the atmosphere absorb and emit infrared radiation, but do not interact with sunlight in the visible spectrum. Common examples of these are CO 2 and H 2O. A) Mole fraction is sometimes referred to as volume fraction; these are identical for an ideal gas only. Air Composition". The Engineering ToolBox . Retrieved 2017-07-04. The composition of air is unchanged until elevation of approximately 10.000 m Earth and the rest of the solar system formed about 4.6 billion years ago from a huge, spinning cloud of gas and dust.

Main article: Absorption (electromagnetic radiation) Rough plot of Earth's atmospheric transmittance (or opacity) to various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light. In general, air pressure and density decrease with altitude in the atmosphere. However, the temperature has a more complicated profile with altitude, and may remain relatively constant or even increase with altitude in some regions (see the temperature section, below). Because the general pattern of the temperature/altitude profile, or lapse rate, is constant and measurable by means of instrumented balloon soundings, the temperature behavior provides a useful metric to distinguish atmospheric layers. In this way, Earth's atmosphere can be divided (called atmospheric stratification) into five main layers: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. [18] The altitudes of the five layers are as follows: Because of its temperature, the atmosphere emits infrared radiation. For example, on clear nights Earth's surface cools down faster than on cloudy nights. This is because clouds (H 2O) are strong absorbers and emitters of infrared radiation. This is also why it becomes colder at night at higher elevations. Joe Buchdahl. "Atmosphere, Climate & Environment Information Programme". Ace.mmu.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2010-07-01 . Retrieved 2012-04-18. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.

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From the age of 17 he became involved in the movie industry. He gave up the movie industry in 1967 to run the Château de Saint Augustin wildlife park in Château sur Allier (centre of France). He then left the country with his wife Anne when he was 30 (1976) to live in Kenya in the Massai Mara national park. He lived amongst the Massai tribe for 3 years to study the behaviour of a lions’ family and took daily pictures of them during those years. He thus discovered a new passion for photography and the beauty of landscapes when observed from above in hot air balloons. He understood the power of a picture and how to communicate using this means. Earth is an oblate spheroid. This means it is spherical in shape, but not perfectly round. It has a slightly greater radius at the Equator, the imaginary line running horizontally around the middle of the planet. In addition to bulging in the middle, Earth’s poles are slightly flattened. The geoid describes the model shape of Earth, and is used to calculate precise surface locations.

Our planet is surrounded by an invisible shell of air, called the atmosphere, held in place by the Earth’s gravitational field. It’s made up of a mixture of different gases. As of 2023, by mole fraction (i.e., by number of molecules), dry air contains 78.08% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases. [8] Air also contains a variable amount of water vapor, on average around 1% at sea level, and 0.4% over the entire atmosphere. Air composition, temperature, and atmospheric pressure vary with altitude. Within the atmosphere, air suitable for use in photosynthesis by terrestrial plants and breathing of terrestrial animals is found only in Earth's troposphere. [ citation needed] The constant re-arrangement of continents by plate tectonics influences the long-term evolution of the atmosphere by transferring carbon dioxide to and from large continental carbonate stores. Free oxygen did not exist in the atmosphere until about 2.4 billion years ago during the Great Oxygenation Event and its appearance is indicated by the end of the banded iron formations. The density of air at sea level is about 1.2kg/m 3 (1.2g/L, 0.0012 g/cm 3). Density is not measured directly but is calculated from measurements of temperature, pressure and humidity using the equation of state for air (a form of the ideal gas law). Atmospheric density decreases as the altitude increases. This variation can be approximately modeled using the barometric formula. More sophisticated models are used to predict the orbital decay of satellites. The crust is covered by a series of constantly moving tectonic plates. New crust is created along mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys, where plates pull apart from each other in a process called rifting. Plates slide above and below each other in a process called subduction. They crash against each other in a process called faulting.

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States, Robert J.; Gardner, Chester S. (January 2000). "Thermal Structure of the Mesopause Region (80–105 km) at 40°N Latitude. Part I: Seasonal Variations". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 57 (1): 66–77. Bibcode: 2000JAtS...57...66S. doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<0066:TSOTMR>2.0.CO;2. And in fact, before plants appeared on Earth, scientists think there was much more carbon dioxide but no oxygen in the early atmosphere. The total ppm above adds up to more than 1 million (currently 83.43 above it) due to experimental error. You've got to find the location, get permissions to fly on them, but more importantly you've got to get the right weather. J. Schopf: Earth's Earliest Biosphere: Its Origin and Evolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1983

The hydrosphere helps regulate Earth’s temperature and climate. The ocean absorbs heat from the sun and interacts with the atmosphere to move it around Earth in air currents.

Earth From The Air lands in Norwich A free 24-hour art exhibition - brimming with some of the most stunning photographs of the world you're ever likely to see - has gone on display on Norwich's streets. Earth From The Air features 120 giant photos and runs until 29 April, 2007. IPCC (2021). "Summary for Policymakers" (PDF). IPCC AR6 WG1. pp.4–5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-08-11 . Retrieved 2021-11-20. The planetary boundary layer is the part of the troposphere that is closest to Earth's surface and is directly affected by it, mainly through turbulent diffusion. During the day the planetary boundary layer usually is well-mixed, whereas at night it becomes stably stratified with weak or intermittent mixing. The depth of the planetary boundary layer ranges from as little as about 100 metres (330ft) on clear, calm nights to 3,000m (9,800ft) or more during the afternoon in dry regions. The exosphere is the outermost layer of Earth's atmosphere (though it is so tenuous that some scientists consider it to be part of interplanetary space rather than part of the atmosphere). It extends from the thermopause (also known as the "exobase") at the top of the thermosphere to a poorly defined boundary with the solar wind and interplanetary medium. The altitude of the exobase varies from about 500 kilometres (310mi; 1,600,000ft) to about 1,000 kilometres (620mi) in times of higher incoming solar radiation. [22]