The Dog Encyclopedia

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Heidenberger, E; Unshelm, J (February 1990). "Changes in the behavior of dogs after castration". Tierärztliche Praxis (in German). 18 (#1): 69–75. ISSN 0303-6286. PMID 2326799.

Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization, [12] [40] with an average of 63 days, although the length of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies. [41] Neutering Cagan, Alex; Blass, Torsten (2016). "Identification of genomic variants putatively targeted by selection during dog domestication". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 16 (1): 10. doi: 10.1186/s12862-015-0579-7. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 4710014. PMID 26754411.Further information: Canis lupus dingo §Taxonomic debate – the domestic dog, dingo, and New Guinea singing dog The Andamanese peoples, who were isolated when rising sea levels covered the land bridge to Myanmar So, then, when is a breed a breed and not just a kind or type of dog? The simplest way to define a breed is to say it always “breeds true.” That is, breeding a purebred Irish Setter to another purebred Irish Setter will always produce dogs instantly recognizable as Irish Setters. Of the twenty-one amino acids common to all life forms (including selenocysteine), dogs cannot synthesize ten: arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. [91] [92] [93]

Bridgett M. von Holdt; Emily Shuldiner; Ilana Janowitz Koch; Rebecca Y. Kartzinel; Andrew Hogan; Lauren Brubaker; Shelby Wanser; Daniel Stahler; Clive D.L. Wynne; Elaine A. Ostrander; Janet S. Sinsheimer; Monique A.R. Udell (19 July 2017). "Structural variants in genes associated with human Williams-Beuren syndrome underlie stereotypical hypersociability in domestic dogs". Science Advances. 3 (#7): e1700398. Bibcode: 2017SciA....3E0398V. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1700398. PMC 5517105. PMID 28776031. Whether cities should enact breed-specific legislation (BSL, or "pit bill bans") for dogs is widely debated. Some see BSL as a humane way of making communities safer by discouraging dog fighting and the breeding of dangerous dogs. Others argue there is no evidence that BSL makes communities safer and that other legislation would be more effective than expensive and controversial BSL laws. For more on the debate on pit bull bans, visit ProCon.org. Also more like cats, dogs require arginine to maintain nitrogen balance. These nutritional requirements place dogs halfway between carnivores and omnivores. [94] Range Chiodo, Paula; Basualdo, Juan; Ciarmela, Laura; Pezzani, Betina; Apezteguía, María; Minvielle, Marta (2006). "Related factors to human toxocariasis in a rural community of Argentina". Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 101 (#4): 397–400. doi: 10.1590/S0074-02762006000400009. PMID 16951810. Top 10 reasons to spay/neuter your pet". American Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals . Retrieved 16 May 2007.

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Alaskan Malamute, American foxhound, American Staffordshire terrier, American water spaniel, Australian shepherd, Boston terrier, Chesapeake Bay retriever, coonhound In 1999, a study of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) indicated that the domestic dog may have originated from the grey wolf, with the dingo and New Guinea singing dog breeds having developed at a time when human communities were more isolated from each other. [17] In the third edition of Mammal Species of the World published in 2005, the mammalogist W. Christopher Wozencraft listed under the wolf Canis lupus its wild subspecies and proposed two additional subspecies, which formed the domestic dog clade: familiaris, as named by Linnaeus in 1758 and, dingo named by Meyer in 1793. Wozencraft included hallstromi (the New Guinea singing dog) as another name ( junior synonym) for the dingo. Wozencraft referred to the mtDNA study as one of the guides informing his decision. [3] Mammalogists have noted the inclusion of familiaris and dingo together under the "domestic dog" clade [18] with some debating it. [19] Miklósi, Adám (2007). Dog Behaviour, Evolution, and Cognition. Oxford University Press. pp.95–136. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199295852.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-929585-2.

Dogs were depicted to symbolize guidance, protection, loyalty, fidelity, faithfulness, alertness, and love. [172] In ancient Mesopotamia, from the Old Babylonian period until the Neo-Babylonian, dogs were the symbol of Ninisina, the goddess of healing and medicine, [173] and her worshippers frequently dedicated small models of seated dogs to her. [173] In the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian periods, dogs were used as emblems of magical protection. [173] In China, Korea and Japan, dogs are viewed as kind protectors. [174] Alex Wellerstein (3 November 2017). "Remembering Laika, Space Dog and Soviet Hero". The New Yorker. For thousands of years, humans bred dogs toward the physical and mental traits best suited for the work expected of them. The sleek Greyhound types bred to chase fleet-footed prey, and the huge mastiff types used as guard dogs and warriors, are two ancient examples of dogs bred for specific jobs. Irving-Pease, Evan K.; Ryan, Hannah; Jamieson, Alexandra; Dimopoulos, Evangelos A.; Larson, Greger; Frantz, Laurent A.F. 2018. Paleogenomics of Animal Domestication. In Lindqvist, C.; Rajora, O. (eds) Paleogenomics. Population Genomics. Springer, Cham. pp. 225–272. doi:10.1007/13836_2018_55. ISBN 978-3-030-04752-8Charlesworth D, Willis JH (2009). "The genetics of inbreeding depression". Nat. Rev. Genet. 10 (#11): 783–796. doi: 10.1038/nrg2664. PMID 19834483. S2CID 771357. Kruger, K.A. & Serpell, J.A. (2006). Animal-assisted interventions in mental health: Definitions and theoretical foundations, In Fine, A.H. (ed.), Handbook on animal-assisted therapy: Theoretical foundations and guidelines for practice. San Diego, CA, Academic Press: 21–38. ISBN 978-0-12-369484-3 a b Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth (February 2015). "Ancient DNA and the human settlement of the Pacific: A review". Journal of Human Evolution. 79: 93–104. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.10.017. PMID 25556846.

a b c d e f g Ostrander, Elaine A.; Wang, Guo-Dong; Larson, Greger; Vonholdt, Bridgett M.; Davis, Brian W.; Jagannathan, Vidyha; Hitte, Christophe; Wayne, Robert K.; Zhang, Ya-Ping (2019). "Dog10K: An international sequencing effort to advance studies of canine domestication, phenotypes, and health". National Science Review. 6 (#4): 810–824. doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwz049. PMC 6776107. PMID 31598383. John J. Ensminger, Police and Military Dogs: Criminal Detection, Forensic Evidence, and Judicial Admissibility (CRC Press, 2012). The Essentials of Canine Nutrition: Amino Acids and Other Nutrients". www.thewildest.com . Retrieved 15 June 2023. Tomasello, M.; Kaminski, J. (2009). "Like Infant, Like Dog". Science. 325 (#5945): 1213–1214. doi: 10.1126/science.1179670. PMID 19729645. S2CID 206522649.Pajic, Petar; Pavlidis, Pavlos; Dean, Kirsten; Neznanova, Lubov; Romano, Rose-Anne; Garneau, Danielle; Daugherity, Erin; Globig, Anja; Ruhl, Stefan; Gokcumen, Omer (14 May 2019). "Independent amylase gene copy number bursts correlate with dietary preferences in mammals". eLife. 8. doi: 10.7554/eLife.44628. PMC 6516957. PMID 31084707. As a domesticated or semi-domesticated animal, the dog is nearly universal among human societies. Notable exceptions once included: Dog meat restaurants spring up in Uzbekistan". Uznews.net. 2009. Archived from the original on 16 June 2010 . Retrieved 24 October 2012. Rescue work Baerli, a German Shepherd Dog, explores a hole in the snow as part of his training for avalanche search and rescue work.