Aurora

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Changes with time [ edit ] Construction of a keogram from one night's recording by an all-sky camera, 6/7 September 2021. Keograms are commonly used to visualize changes in aurorae over time. These forms are consistent with auroras being shaped by Earth's magnetic field. The appearances of arcs, rays, curtains, and coronas are determined by the shapes of the luminous parts of the atmosphere and a viewer's position. [23] Colors and wavelengths of auroral light [ edit ] O'Neill, Ian (29 July 2015). "Monstrous Aurora Detected Beyond our Solar System". Discovery . Retrieved 29 July 2015. Phillips, J. L.; Stewart, A. I. F.; Luhmann, J. G. (1986). "The Venus ultraviolet aurora: Observations at 130.4 nm". Geophysical Research Letters. 13 (10): 1047–1050. Bibcode: 1986GeoRL..13.1047P. doi: 10.1029/GL013i010p01047. ISSN 1944-8007. I just finished a starship novel in which people in a multi-generational starship try to get to Tau Ceti and occupy one of the planets around that star (actually a big moon of one of the planets). Problems follow..."

Eather, Robert H. (1980). Majestic Lights: The Aurora in Science, History, and The Arts. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union. ISBN 978-0-87590-215-9. But as it turns out, not all endings are endings, and the team has one last chance to rewrite theirs. Maybe two. It’s complicated. Helling, Christiane; Rimmer, Paul B. (23 September 2019). "Lightning and charge processes in brown dwarf and exoplanet atmospheres". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 377 (2154): 20180398. arXiv: 1903.04565. Bibcode: 2019RSPTA.37780398H. doi: 10.1098/rsta.2018.0398. PMC 6710897. PMID 31378171. Freya and the other "starfarers" have trouble adjusting to life on Earth, especially with many Terrans hostile to them for a perceived sense of ingratitude and cowardice. At a space colonization conference, a speaker says humanity will continue to send ships into interstellar space no matter how many fail and die, and Freya assaults him. Eventually she joins a group of terraformers who are attempting to restore the Earth's beaches after their loss during previous centuries' sea level rise. While swimming and surfing, she begins to come to terms with life on Earth. It’s part of the thinking going on in 2312 and Shaman, and so I think the three books will make a kind of argument for what we are and what we can or should try to become in the future.Sandholt, Even; Carlson, Herbert C.; Egeland, Alv (2002). "Optical Aurora". Dayside and Polar Cap Aurora. Netherlands: Springer Netherlands. pp.33–51. doi: 10.1007/0-306-47969-9_3. ISBN 978-0-306-47969-4. McIlwain, C E (1960). "Direct Measurement of Particles Producing Visible Auroras". Journal of Geophysical Research. 65 (9): 2727. Bibcode: 1960JGR....65.2727M. doi: 10.1029/JZ065i009p02727.

Palmroth, M.; Grandin, M.; Helin, M.; Koski, P.; Oksanen, A.; Glad, M. A.; Valonen, R.; Saari, K.; Bruus, E.; Norberg, J.; Viljanen, A.; Kauristie, K.; Verronen, P. T. (2020). "Citizen Scientists Discover a New Auroral Form: Dunes Provide Insight Into the Upper Atmosphere". AGU Advances. 1. doi: 10.1029/2019AV000133. hdl: 10138/322003. S2CID 213839228. Earth is constantly immersed in the solar wind, a flow of magnetized hot plasma (a gas of free electrons and positive ions) emitted by the Sun in all directions, a result of the two-million-degree temperature of the Sun's outermost layer, the corona. The solar wind reaches Earth with a velocity typically around 400km/s, a density of around 5 ions/cm 3 and a magnetic field intensity of around 2–5 nT (for comparison, Earth's surface field is typically 30,000–50,000 nT). During magnetic storms, in particular, flows can be several times faster; the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) may also be much stronger. Joan Feynman deduced in the 1970s that the long-term averages of solar wind speed correlated with geomagnetic activity. [57] Her work resulted from data collected by the Explorer 33 spacecraft. NASA – NASA and World Book". Nasa.gov. 7 February 2011. Archived from the original on 5 September 2005 . Retrieved 26 July 2011. The Odyssey ca. 500 B.C. by Homer (translated by Samuel Butler 1900); online at Internet Classics Archive (Retrieved 15 February 2021)". 1993. What happens when you ask a bunch of losers, discipline cases, and misfits to save the galaxy from an ancient evil? The ancient evil wins, of course.

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Ship musings as it approaches Sol. Gravity-assisted deceleration. Separation of pods, last attempt at deceleration. Bower, G. E.; Milan, S. E.; Paxton, L. J.; Anderson, B. J. (May 2022). "Occurrence Statistics of Horse Collar Aurora". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 127 (5). Bibcode: 2022JGRA..12730385B. doi: 10.1029/2022JA030385. ISSN 2169-9380. S2CID 248842161. A geomagnetic storm causes the auroral ovals (north and south) to expand, bringing the aurora to lower latitudes. The instantaneous distribution of auroras ("auroral oval") [6] is slightly different, being centered about 3–5° nightward of the magnetic pole, so that auroral arcs reach furthest toward the equator when the magnetic pole in question is in between the observer and the Sun. The aurora can be seen best at this time, which is called magnetic midnight. The discovery of a 1770 Japanese diary in 2017 depicting auroras above the ancient Japanese capital of Kyoto suggested that the storm may have been 7% larger than the Carrington event, which affected telegraph networks. [70] [71]