The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism 2e

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Leitch, V. B. The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism; W.W. Norton and Company: New York, 2010. Vincent B. Leitch, The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism (New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2010). Leitch, Vincent B., 2010. The Norton anthology of theory and criticism. New York: W.W. Norton and Company. SUSAN BORDO (b. 1947) 2360 Unbeanible Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body 2362 Chapter 5. The Body and the Reproduction of Femininity 2362 HOM I K. BHABHA (b. 1949) The Commitment to Theory STRUCTURALtSM ANb SEMIbTICS louis· Althusser 1476 Roland B~rthes 1457 Northrop Frye 1442 Roman Jakobson 1254 Claude Levi,Strauss 1415 Ferdinand de Saussure 956 Tzvetan Todorov 2097 Hayden White 1709

than a disinterested, objective inquiry into poetics and the history of)iterature. This revealing fault Hne that divides traditionalist literary critics from large numbers of contemporary theorists is perhaps today's version of the old Renaissance and neoclassical battles between the ancients and the moderns. The Table of Contents list figures and texts in chronological order. An Alternative Table of Contents recasts the 'chronological order, providing lists of figures in four categories commonly used iii studying theory: schools and movements; major genres; historical periods; and key issues and topics. Additional ways of organizing the history and subject matter of theory and criticism are possible; the Alternative Table of Contents is meant to be suggestive and not comprehensive. Other figures in the anthology could he included in the existing categories. We decided against combining proponents and opponents in the popular schools and movements categories,. as is sometimes done. Thus, for example, neither Leon Trotsky nor ·Mikhail Bakhtin appear under "Formalism" as its most celebrated critics. To list together antagonists and advocates would have created confusion and urtduly multiplied the number of figures in our categories. Within each school and movement, of course, readers will encounter differences and disputes. One of the risks of the categories we employ in the Alternative Table of Contents is that their groupings of figures and topics from different periods and moments unavoidably deemphasize historical conflicts, evolution, and differences. That .noted, the editors hope our readers find the Alternative Table of Contents suggestive and useful. Many ways of configuring !;he materials in the anthology are outlined in M. Keith Booker's manual for instructors, Teaching with "The Norton Anthology oJ Theory and Criticism"; A Guide for Instructors, a rich source of planning options, classroom 'strategies, and examination and discussion questions. The Introduction to Theory and Criticism that follows the two Tables of Contents consists of fifteen brief, semiautono.moussections that introduce students to the field of theory through its main historical periods, its major modern .and contemporary schools and movements, its perennial issues and problems, and its key terms. We are aware of no source offering students II quicker, more wide-ranging, or more lucid bird's-eye view of the history and nature of the ·field. Sections have been subtitled for easy reference in making assignments and in following the trajectory of the discussion. Each selection in the anthology is fully annotated so that students may focus on the texts and not have to consult reference sources for basic information. Headnotes to. each figure cover a range of topics. To begin with, they provide helpful biographical information and historical background. They discuss' sources and critical receptions as well as the relevance of the selections for theoretical questions. They highlight each selection's main arguments, where necessary definihg key terms and concepts and pointing out related perennial problems in the field. They regularly refer to other works by the authors and note problems identified by later critics. They position the authors in relation to other figures in the anthology, picturing the history of theory not as a string of isolated pearls but as a mosaic in which each work fits into larger frames of ongoing discussions and arguments. Finally, an annotated selected bibliography is given for each figure, covering main texts and editions, biographical sources (when available), the best secondary sources and criticism, and bibliographies related to the author's works (where available). MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT (1759-1797) '582; A Vindication of the Rights of Woman ,586 From Chapter II. The Prevailing Opinion of a' S'~jcual Character Discussed 586 GERMAINE NECKER DE STAt;:L (1766-1817) 594 From Essay on Fictions ·597 On Literature Considered in Its Relationship to SoCial Institutions On Women Writers (2.4) 604 . . WILLIAM WORDSWORTH (1770-1850) 645 Preface to Lyrical Ballads, with pastoral lind Other Poems (1802) SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE (i 772-1834) From The Statesman's Manual 672 Biographia Literaria 674 Part I 674 From Chapter 1 674 From Chapter 4 675 From Chapter 13 676 Part II 677 Chapter 14 677 THOMAS LOVE PEACOCK (1785-1866) The Four Ages of Poetry 684 JEAN BAUDRILLARD (b~ 1929) 1729 Prom The Prece'ssion of Simulacra .. 1732 JORGEN HABERMAS (b. 1929) 1741 The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An· Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society 174'5 Prom Part II. Social Structures of the Public Sphere 1745· Modernity-An Incomplete Project 1748 ADRIENNE RICH (b. 1929) 1759 Prom Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence CHINUA ACHEBE (b. 1930) 1781 An Image of Africa: RaCism in Conrad's Heart of Darkness FRIEDRIcH SCHLEIERMACHER (f768 ..... 1834) 610 Hermeneutics 613 ' .. Outline of the 1819 Lectures 613 Introduction 613 Part Two. The Technical Interpretation 623'· GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH HEGEL (177oi-I831) Phenomenology of Spirit 630 [The Master-Slave Dialectic] 630 Lectures on Fine Art 636 From Introduction 636THE CANON/TRADITION Matthew Arnold 802 Harold Bloom 1794 T. S.Eliot 1088 Gerald Graff 2056 Hugh of St. Victor 201 Ngugi wa Thiong'o, Taban Lo Liyong, Henry Owuot-Anyumba Richard Ohmann 1877 Percy Bysshe Shelley 695 Edward Young 426 DEFENSES OF CRITICISM Matthew Arnold 802 Homi K. Bhabha 2377 Cleanth Brooks 1350 Kenneth Burke 1269 Barbara Christian 2255 Paul de Man 1509 Stanley E. Fish 2067 Alexander Pope 438 John Crowe Ransom 1105 Barbara Herrnstein Smith 1910 ZORA NEALE HURSTON (1891-1960) 1144 Characteristics of Negro Expression 1146 What White Publishers Won't Print 1159 WALTER BENJAMIN (1892-1940) 1163 The Work of Art in the Age ,of Mechanical Reproduction MIKHAIL M. BAKHTIN (1895-1975) From Discourse in the 'Novel' 1190 John McGowan PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH ANI> COMPARATIVE LITERATURE UNIVERSIlY OF NORTH ~ROLINAI ~H~PBL"'ILL

r----'----,--,-----,-Preface The most wide-ranging and comprehensive collection of its kind, The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism offers one or more selections from 148 figures, representing major developments from ancient to recent times, from Gorgias and Plato to bell hooks, Judith Butler, and Stuart Moulthrop. In contrast to comparable anthologies, it provides generous selections from previously underrepresented fields, such as rhetoric, medieval theory, and,criticism by women and people of color, along with a' full complement of works from canonical figures such as Aristotle, Immanuel Kant, Karl Marx,-Cleanth Brooks, Mikhail Bakhtin, and Michel Foucault; From'canonical authors, it includes classic texts as wen as selections' newly revalued. The standard works of Westein theory and criticism from the ancient Greeks to the present are represented, as are texts from "forgotten" figures such as Moses Maimonides, FriedrichSchleiermacher, and Frantz Fanon. The anthology is particularly rich in modern and contemporary theory,-providing materials from 93 writers and covering all the main schools and movements; ranging from Marxism; psychoanalysis, and formalism to poststructuralism; cultural studies, race and ethnicity studies, and many more. We have'alsodrawn from vital minor currents, including body studies, media theory; theory of national literature and institutional analysis and history. This anthology consolidates the many gains won through the expansion 'of theory in recent, decades. In view of current changes, it is worth pausing for a moment to reconsider the configuration and meaning of "theory" itself. Today the term encoihpasses significant works not only of poetics, theory of criticism, and aesthetics as of old, hut also of rhetoric, media and discourse 'theory; semiotics; race and ethnicity theory, gender theory, and visual and:popular cult:tfre theory. But theory in its newer sense' means still more' than, this broadly expanded body of topics and texts. It entails a mode, of questioning and analysis that goes beyond the earlier New Critical research into the -"literariness" of literature. Because of the effects of poststructuralism, cultural studies, and the new social movements, especially the 'women's and civil rights movements, theory now entails skepticism toward' systems; institutions, and norms; a readiness to take critical stands and to engage in resistance; an interest in blind spots, contradictions, and distortions (often discovered to be ineradicable); and a habit, of linking local 'and 'personal practices to the larger economic, political,' historical, and ethical forces of culture. This theory-or "cultural critique,", as it is more deSCriptively termed..:!-is less concerned with elaborating conditions: of'possibility, as is Kantian critique, than with investigating and criticizing values, practices; categories, and representations embedded in cultural texts and surrounding institutions. To an earlier generation, such theory looks like advocacy rather xxxiiiHere are The Norton anthology of theory and criticism citations for 14 popular citation styles including Turabian style, the American Medical Association (AMA) style, the Council of Science Editors (CSE) style, IEEE, and more. Citation Style SAMUEL JOHNSON (1709-1784) 458 The Rarrtbler, No.4 462 [On Fiction] 462 The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia 466 Chapter X. IrrtIac's History Continued.' A Dissettation upon.' : Poetry 4Q6 . From Preface to Shakespeare 468 Lives of the English Poets ' 480, . From Cowley 480 [On Metaphysical Wit] 480 DAVID HUME (1711-1776) Of the Standard of Taste Ralph Waldo Emerson· 717 Frantz ,Fanon 1575 Giambattista Giraldi 271 Langston Hughes ' 1311 Ngugi wl1 Thiong'o, TabanLo Liyong, Henry Owuor-Anyumba Pierre de Ronsard 291 . WOMEN'S LITERATURE· Aphra Behn 388 H~l~ne Cixous 2035 Christine de Pizan 263 Germaine Necker de Sta~l 594 Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar Barbara Smith 2299 • Mary Wollstonecraft 582 Virginia Woolf 1017 Bonnie Zimmerman 2338 DANTE ALiGHIERI (1265-1321) II Convivio ' 249 Book Two 249 , 'Chapter 1 249 From The' Letter to Can Grande

TERRY EAGLETON (b. 1943) ·2240· Literary Theory: An Introduction 2243 From Chapter I. The Rise of English 2243 STEPHEN GREENBLATT (b. 1943) 2250' Introduction to The Power of Fonns in the English Renaissance SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939) 913 The Interpretation of Dreams 919 From Chapter V. The Material and Sources of Dreams From Chapter VI. The Dream-Work .923Thomas Love Peacock 682 Edgar Allan Poe 739 Pierre de Ronsard 291 Percy Bysshe Shelley 695 Sir Philip Sidney 323 Giambattista Vico 399 William Wordsworth 645 POPULAR CULTURE Roland Barthes 1457 Charles Baudelaire 789 Simone de Beauvoir 1403 Walter Benjamin 1163 Susan Bordo 2360 Donna Haraway 2266 Dick Hebdige 2445 Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno Fredric Jameson 1932 Laura Mulvey 2179 Richard Ohmann 1877 Llbra.-y of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Norton antholo$)' of theo.-y and criticism I Vincent B.lLeitch, general editor. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-393-97429-4 1. Criticism. GIAMBAlTISTA VICO (1668-1744) From The New Science 401 JOSEPH ADDISON (1672-1719) The Spectator, No. 62 419 [True and False Wit] 419 The Spectator, No. 412 ' 423 [On the Sublirrtej 423