Unfolding Stakeholder Thinking: Theory, Responsibility and Engagement

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when ART took over, Android previously used Dalvik as a process virtual machine with trace-based just-in-time (JIT) compilation to run Dalvik "dex-code" (Dalvik Executable), which is usually translated from the Java bytecode. The reason, according to Andy Rubin in an official Android blog post, was because Honeycomb was rushed for production of the Motorola Xoom, [311] and they did not want third parties creating a "really bad user experience" by attempting to put onto smartphones a version of Android intended for tablets. Initially, Google's supported integrated development environment (IDE) was Eclipse using the Android Development Tools (ADT) plugin; in December 2014, Google released Android Studio, based on IntelliJ IDEA, as its primary IDE for Android application development. While gaining support for 64-bit platforms, Android was first made to run on 64-bit x86 and then on ARM64. allows the internal storage of the device to be spanned with the SD card, treating it as an extension of the internal storage.

The main benefits of using Bionic instead of the GNU C Library (glibc) or uClibc are its smaller runtime footprint, and optimization for low-frequency CPUs. InfoWorld has suggested that some Android manufacturers initially treated their first tablets as a "Frankenphone business", a short-term low-investment opportunity by placing a smartphone-optimized Android OS (before Android 3.Perlman refused a stake in the company, and has stated "I did it because I believed in the thing, and I wanted to help Andy. In March 2016, Galen Gruman of InfoWorld stated that Android devices could be a "real part of your business [. On the same day, Android Police reported that Google had commissioned a statue of a giant number "10" to be installed in the lobby of the developers' new office. With the release of Android Oreo in 2017, Google began to require that devices shipped with new SoCs had Linux kernel version 4. Google announced in April 2010 that they would hire two employees to work with the Linux kernel community, [196] but Greg Kroah-Hartman, the current Linux kernel maintainer for the stable branch, said in December 2010 that he was concerned that Google was no longer trying to get their code changes included in mainstream Linux.

Ars Technica wrote that "Although Android is built on top of the Linux kernel, the platform has very little in common with the conventional desktop Linux stack". The recently released Android 12 is the most popular Android version on smartphones and tablets combined, usage is at 78% for all supported versions, i. and earlier, no formal vendor interface exists, so device makers must update large portions of the Android code to move a device to a newer version of the operating system. These community-developed releases often bring new features and updates to devices faster than through the official manufacturer/carrier channels, with a comparable level of quality; [227] provide continued support for older devices that no longer receive official updates; or bring Android to devices that were officially released running other operating systems, such as the HP TouchPad. In a May 2012 interview with Eurogamer, the developers of Football Manager stated that the ratio of pirated players vs legitimate players was 9:1 for their game Football Manager Handheld.Mike Chan, co-founder of phone maker Nextbit and former Android developer, said that "The best way to solve this problem is a massive re-architecture of the operating system", "or Google could invest in training manufacturers and carriers 'to be good Android citizens '". These established players were skeptical: Nokia was quoted as saying "we don't see this as a threat", and a member of Microsoft's Windows Mobile team stated "I don't understand the impact that they are going to have. Google introduced Project Treble, a major re-architect of the Android OS framework designed to make it easier, faster, and less costly for manufacturers to update devices to newer versions of Android. Members of the Open Handset Alliance, which include the majority of Android OEMs, are also contractually forbidden from producing Android devices based on forks of the OS; [114] [329] in 2012, Acer Inc.

Despite its success on smartphones, initially Android tablet adoption was slow, [402] then later caught up with the iPad, in most countries. Some carriers offer direct carrier billing for Google Play application purchases, where the cost of the application is added to the user's monthly bill. However, most devices run on the proprietary Android version developed by Google, which ships with additional proprietary closed-source software pre-installed, [5] most notably Google Mobile Services (GMS) [6] which includes core apps such as Google Chrome, the digital distribution platform Google Play, and the associated Google Play Services development platform.

Dependence on proprietary Google Play Services and customizations added on top of the operating system by vendors who license Android from Google is causing privacy concerns. By 2008, both Nokia and BlackBerry announced touch-based smartphones to rival the iPhone 3G, and Android's focus eventually switched to just touchscreens. Third-party application development is not supported in" the current version, and software running on the OS and processor for it, run the " DRM framework for protected content.

This has the disadvantage of preventing the memory card from being used with another device unless it is reformatted. Rubin had difficulty attracting investors early on, and Android was facing eviction from its office space. Google engineer Patrick Brady once stated in the company's developer conference that "Android is not Linux", [197] with Computerworld adding that "Let me make it simple for you, without Linux, there is no Android". In May 2016, Bloomberg Businessweek reported that Google was making efforts to keep Android more up-to-date, including accelerated rates of security updates, rolling out technological workarounds, reducing requirements for phone testing, and ranking phone makers in an attempt to "shame" them into better behavior. In May 2012, the jury in this case found that Google did not infringe on Oracle's patents, and the trial judge ruled that the structure of the Java APIs used by Google was not copyrightable.The best known fully open source Android services are the LineageOS distribution and MicroG which acts as an open source replacement of Google Play Services.