The Animate and The Inanimate

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Rajaram, S. (1996). Perceptual effects on remembering: Recollective processes in picture recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22, 365–377. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.22.2.365

Fem animate nouns that show acc-gen (plural) syncretism: женщина [ˈʐɛnʲɕːɪnə] woman, лошадь [ˈɫoʂətʲ] horse. [4] Bonin, P., Fayol, M., & Chalard, M. (2001). Age of acquisition and word frequency in written picture naming. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 54A, 469–489. doi: 10.1080/02724980042000219If animate items are prioritized for attention during encoding, there would likely be a subsequent memory benefit, and we refer to this as the attentional prioritization hypothesis. Attention plays an integral role during the encoding of memories (Baddeley et al., 1984; Craik et al., 1996; Fisk & Schneider, 1984), and divided attention during encoding produces dramatic reductions in recall. However, the consequences of divided attention during encoding on subsequent recognition memory are more complex. Dual process theories of recognition memory (for a review, see Yonelinas, 2002) propose that items can be recognized by assessing their familiarity or items can be recognized by recollecting details of the study event. Divided attention during encoding disrupts later recollection of details of an event, but has minimal effects on later familiarity (Jennings & Jacoby, 1993).

a b c Szewczyk, Jakub M.; Schriefers, Herbert (2010). "Is animacy special? ERP correlates of semantic violations and animacy violations in sentence processing". Brain Research. 1368: 208–221. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.10.070. PMID 21029726. S2CID 33461799.Animate words were categorized reliably faster ( M = 960 ms, SD = 219) than inanimate words ( M = 1,064 ms, SD = 234), t(39) = 5.58, p< .001. More animate words were correctly recalled ( M = 4.78, SD = 2.08) than inanimate words ( M = 2.08, SD = 1.40), yielding a reliable main effect of the Type of Word factor, t(39) = 7.50, p< .001. With regard to extralist intrusions, animate words ( M = 1.05, SD = 1.08) did not yield more intrusions than inanimate ones ( M = 1.10, SD = 0.90), t(39) = 0.24. In Experiment 1, we found that incidental encoding led to better recall of words referring to animate than inanimate items. In Experiment 2, we found that the animacy effect found in long-term memory with words also extended to picture stimuli. This was of particular interest because, according to the adaptive memory view, our memory systems have evolved to favor the processing of fitness-relevant information, whatever the format in which animate versus inanimate entities are encountered. Sidis, William James. "Table of Contents". The Tribes and the States . Retrieved May 25, 2011– via Sidis.net. We followed the same procedure as in Experiment 1, except that pictures were used instead of words. Although the name agreement scores were controlled for between animate and inanimate stimuli, the written words were displayed with the pictures to ensure that the participants used the intended names for the target pictures. Results and discussion

a b Bates, Stephen (2011). "The Prodigy and the Press: William James Sidis, Anti-Intellectualism, and Standards of Success". J&MC Quarterly. 88 (2): 374–397. doi: 10.1177/107769901108800209. S2CID 145637498. VanArsdall, J. E., Nairne, J. S., Pandeirada, J. N. S., & Blunt, J. R. (2013). Adaptive memory: Animacy processing produces mnemonic advantages. Experimental Psychology, 60, 172–178. doi: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000186For example, syncretism in Polish conditioned by referential animacy results in forms like the following: