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Colourbrain: Award-Winning Simple Family Board Game | Best Christmas Board Game for Families and Adults

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The two neurotransmitters that are most widely found in the vertebrate brain are glutamate, which almost always exerts excitatory effects on target neurons, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is almost always inhibitory. Neurons using these transmitters can be found in nearly every part of the brain. [67] Because of their ubiquity, drugs that act on glutamate or GABA tend to have broad and powerful effects. Some general anesthetics act by reducing the effects of glutamate; most tranquilizers exert their sedative effects by enhancing the effects of GABA. [68] a b Balavoine, G (2003). "The segmented Urbilateria: A testable scenario". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 43 (1): 137–147. doi: 10.1093/icb/43.1.137. PMID 21680418. Knierim, James. "Cerebellum (Section 3, Chapter 5)". Neuroscience Online. Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School. Archived from the original on 2017-11-18 . Retrieved 22 January 2021.

It controls all the senses, including vision, hearing, touch, and taste, making this the most crucial part of the brain. 2. Cerebral Cortex Berridge, KC (2004). "Motivation concepts in behavioral neuroscience". Physiology & Behavior. 81 (2): 179–209. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.02.004. PMID 15159167. S2CID 14149019.

Footnotes

Yuste, Rafael; Church, George M. (March 2014). "The new century of the brain" (PDF). Scientific American. 310 (3): 38–45. Bibcode: 2014SciAm.310c..38Y. doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican0314-38. PMID 24660326. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-14. Safi, K; Seid, MA; Dechmann, DK (2005). "Bigger is not always better: when brains get smaller". Biology Letters. 1 (3): 283–286. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2005.0333. PMC 1617168. PMID 17148188. Northcutt, RG (2008). "Forebrain evolution in bony fishes". Brain Research Bulletin. 75 (2–4): 191–205. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.10.058. PMID 18331871. S2CID 44619179. Armstrong, E (1983). "Relative brain size and metabolism in mammals". Science. 220 (4603): 1302–1304. Bibcode: 1983Sci...220.1302A. doi: 10.1126/science.6407108. PMID 6407108.

Singh, Inderbir (2006). "A Brief Review of the Techniques Used in the Study of Neuroanatomy". Textbook of Human Neuroanatomy (7thed.). Jaypee Brothers. p.24. ISBN 978-81-8061-808-6. Neuroanatomists usually divide the vertebrate brain into six main regions: the telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres), diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus), mesencephalon (midbrain), cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. Each of these areas has a complex internal structure. Some parts, such as the cerebral cortex and the cerebellar cortex, consist of layers that are folded or convoluted to fit within the available space. Other parts, such as the thalamus and hypothalamus, consist of clusters of many small nuclei. Thousands of distinguishable areas can be identified within the vertebrate brain based on fine distinctions of neural structure, chemistry, and connectivity. [8] The main anatomical regions of the vertebrate brain, shown for shark and human. The same parts are present, but they differ greatly in size and shape. The board game comes with over 120 Question Cards, covering loads of different subjects. From Pot Noodle to Pubs, Noddy to Netflix, we’ve written these questions with the whole family in mind. Another approach to brain function is to examine the consequences of damage to specific brain areas. Even though it is protected by the skull and meninges, surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the delicate nature of the brain makes it vulnerable to numerous diseases and several types of damage. In humans, the effects of strokes and other types of brain damage have been a key source of information about brain function. Because there is no ability to experimentally control the nature of the damage, however, this information is often difficult to interpret. In animal studies, most commonly involving rats, it is possible to use electrodes or locally injected chemicals to produce precise patterns of damage and then examine the consequences for behavior. [116]

References

Flybrain: An online atlas and database of the drosophila nervous system". Archived from the original on 1998-01-09 . Retrieved 2011-10-14. The oldest brain to have been discovered was in Armenia in the Areni-1 cave complex. The brain, estimated to be over 5,000 years old, was found in the skull of a 12 to 14-year-old girl. Although the brains were shriveled, they were well preserved due to the climate found inside the cave. [119] The pons lies in the brainstem directly above the medulla. Among other things, it contains nuclei that control often voluntary but simple acts such as sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder function, equilibrium, eye movement, facial expressions, and posture. [39] The simplest way to gain information about brain anatomy is by visual inspection, but many more sophisticated techniques have been developed. Brain tissue in its natural state is too soft to work with, but it can be hardened by immersion in alcohol or other fixatives, and then sliced apart for examination of the interior. Visually, the interior of the brain consists of areas of so-called grey matter, with a dark color, separated by areas of white matter, with a lighter color. Further information can be gained by staining slices of brain tissue with a variety of chemicals that bring out areas where specific types of molecules are present in high concentrations. It is also possible to examine the microstructure of brain tissue using a microscope, and to trace the pattern of connections from one brain area to another. [7] Cellular structure Neurons generate electrical signals that travel along their axons. When a pulse of electricity reaches a junction called a synapse, it causes a neurotransmitter chemical to be released, which binds to receptors on other cells and thereby alters their electrical activity. a b c Shepherd, Gordon M. (2004). "1. Introduction to synaptic circuits". The Synaptic Organization of the Brain (5thed.). New York, New York: Oxford University Press US. ISBN 978-0-19-515956-1.

The operations of individual brain cells are now understood in considerable detail but the way they cooperate in ensembles of millions is yet to be solved. [3] Recent models in modern neuroscience treat the brain as a biological computer, very different in mechanism from a digital computer, but similar in the sense that it acquires information from the surrounding world, stores it, and processes it in a variety of ways. Read books, solve a Rubik’s cube, play chess, solve word problems, and experiment with new things. 2. Get physical exercise Rakic, Pasko (2002). "Adult neurogenesis in mammals: an identity crisis". Journal of Neuroscience. 22 (3): 614–618. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-03-00614.2002. PMC 6758501. PMID 11826088.Midbrain/ mesencephalon. The midbrain is a complex structure with many neuron clusters, neural pathways, and other structures. These structures facilitate hearing, movement, and calculating responses to environmental changes. In humans, the cerebral cortex contains approximately 14–16 billion neurons, [1] and the estimated number of neurons in the cerebellum is 55–70 billion. [2] Each neuron is connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons, typically communicating with one another via root-like protrusions called dendrites and long fiber-like extensions called axons, which are usually myelinated and carry trains of rapid micro-electric signal pulses called action potentials to target specific recipient cells in other areas of the brain or distant parts of the body. The prefrontal cortex, which controls executive functions, is particularly well developed in humans. Despite this, there is vast knowledge, and we understand how the human brain works. Here are some details you might not have known about the brain; Emani R, Ghavami H, Radfar M, Reza Khalkhali H. Impact of chromotherapy on professional quality of life in intensive care unit nurses: a randomized controlled trial. Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior. 2020;8(3):121-129. doi:10.1080/21641846.2020.1782058 Miller, EK; Cohen, JD (2001). "An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function". Annual Review of Neuroscience. 24 (1): 167–202. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167. PMID 11283309. S2CID 7301474.

The halves communicate and coordinate through a C-shaped structure of white matter and nerve pathways called the corpus callosum. This is the center of the cerebrum and is crucial for properly coordinating the eyes, legs, and hands. 3. Brainstem Weeeeeeeeelllllllll, that’s not quite true. Up to four players or teams take 11 colour cards. These cards, or the combination of them are the answers to all the questions in the box. Helpfully for colour blind players the cards are not only the colour of the answer but also have the colour written on them. They also get a random card that has a number on it.Romer, AS; Parsons, TS (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Holt-Saunders International. p.531. ISBN 978-0-03-910284-5. This category includes tardigrades, arthropods, molluscs, and numerous types of worms. The diversity of invertebrate body plans is matched by an equal diversity in brain structures. [18] a b Bos, I; De Boever, P; Int Panis, L; Meeusen, R (2004). "Physical Activity, Your brain should have a consistent blood supply throughout your life to keep it healthy and developing as it should. Conclusion

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