Queer China: Lesbian and Gay Literature and Visual Culture under Postsocialism (Literary Cultures of the Global South)

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Intercountry Adoption - China - Who Can Adopt". Archived from the original on 23 March 2011 . Retrieved 29 April 2017. Murphy, Colum (11 November 2021). "China's First Clinic for Transgender Kids Opens in Shanghai". Bloomberg News.

Jun, Pi (9 October 2010). "Transgender in China". Journal of LGBT Youth. 7 (4): 346–351. doi: 10.1080/19361653.2010.512518. S2CID 143885704. Kristof, Nicholas D (January 29, 1990). "China Using Electrodes To 'Cure' Homosexuals". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 5, 2010 . Retrieved June 28, 2023. a b c " "Have You Considered Your Parents' Happiness?" Conversion Therapy Against LGBT People in China". Human Rights Watch. 15 November 2017. References to homosexuality and the scientifically accurate words for genitalia were also banned. Writers who cover lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex; gender; and youth health issues expressed concern over how to proceed without being shut down." [156] The Chinese Government requires parents adopting children from China to be in heterosexual marriages. [54] Adoption of Chinese children by foreign same-sex couples and homosexual individuals is prohibited by the Chinese authorities. [55] Discrimination protections [ edit ]

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Others point to ideological reasons, citing that the political ideologies of CCP officials, such as Xi Jinping are shaped by the Cultural Revolution. [126] During Mao’s rule, concepts viewed as Western and “non-socialist”, such as homosexuality, were eliminated from Chinese society. [127] Opinion polls have showed growing levels of support for LGBT rights and same-sex marriage in China. A 2009 poll found that 30% of Beijing's population supported same-sex marriage, while a 2014 poll found that 74% of Hong Kong residents favoured granting certain rights and benefits to same-sex couples. Still, Chinese homosexuals did not experience persecution which would compare to that experienced by homosexuals in Christian Europe during the Middle Ages, and in some areas, same sex love was particularly appreciated. There was a stereotype in the late Ming dynasty that the province of Fujian was the only place where homosexuality was prominent, [33] but Xie Zhaozhe (1567–1624) wrote that "from Jiangnan and Zhejiang to Beijing and Shanxi, there is none that does not know of this fondness." [33] European Jesuit missionaries such as Matteo Ricci took note of what they deemed "unnatural perversions", distressed over its often open and public nature. [34] Historian Timothy Brook writes that abhorrence of sexual norms went both ways, since "the celibate Jesuits were rich food for sexual speculation among the Chinese." [34] On 12 April 2021, the Shenyang Intermediate People's Court in Liaoning province ruled that a 79-year-old woman could not sue her female partner of 50 years, whom she accused of stealing 294,000 yuan from her bank account, because their relationship is not recognized as a marriage in China. [39] Beijing [ edit ] Scholars also cite that there are normative boundaries to LGBT activism in China. Tamara Loos, gender studies professor at Cornell University, explains that Western colonisation “affected the economies, polities and cultures of non-colonized Asia as intensely as it did those of directly colonised areas”. [136] Thus, she explains that LGBT people throughout Asia still live with the lasting effects that Western imperialism has imposed on moral norms. This has led to stigmatisation and the internalisation of shame within queer people across Asia. [136]

Another example of the high status of homosexuality in Fujian province, clearly not shared by the centralized Chinese government by this time, was recorded by Qing official Zhu Gui (1731–1807), a grain tax circuit intendant of Fujian in 1765. Intending to standardize the morality of the people under his jurisdiction, he promulgated a "Prohibition of Licentious Cults". One cult which he found particularly troublesome was the cult of Hu Tianbao. As he reports, Chinese Gay Activist Claims Victory in Online Film Censorship Lawsuit". Wall Street Journal. 28 December 2015 . Retrieved 2016-03-06.

In addition to having relationships with men, the Zhengde Emperor also had many relationships with women. He sought the daughters of many of his officials. The Tianqi Emperor is believed to have had two private palaces, one for his female lovers and one for his male lovers. [12] During this era, lesbian sexual practices became meeting the rapidly rising trend of "sapphism", which were created all in the name of pleasure. This included, but was not limited to the acts of frottage, cunnilingus and mutual masturbation. [12] a b Wanqing, Zhang (2021-04-21). "LGBT Couples Not Entitled to Full Property Rights, Court Rules". Sixth Tone . Retrieved 2021-04-22. While many dissidents would be imprisoned, it is unclear if LGBT people were specifically targeted for oppression due to their sexual identity. Reportedly, Mao Zedong believed in the sexual castration of "sexual deviants" ( Randy Shilts. "Conduct Unbecoming" [48]) but little is known about the Communist Chinese government's official policy with regards to homosexuality prior to the 1980s. [ citation needed] Scholars also argue that mass mobilisation is likely to face suppression when demonstrations are large, organised, formal, political, and carried out by minority groups, as they are seen to be more disruptive to social stability. [131] In this context, LGBT organisations are viewed as a threat in China since their demonstrations are often politically charged, large, and associated with “foreign” concepts. [87]

Legal Gender Recognition in China: A Legal and Policy Review" (PDF). UNDP. 2018-08-05. [ permanent dead link]Article 33 of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China provides for equality for all citizens under the law. This is no explicit mention of sexual orientation or gender identity. In October 2017, the National People's Congress amended Chinese law so that "all adults of full capacity are given the liberty of appointing their own guardians by mutual agreement." The system, variously called "legal guardianship" or "guardianship agreement", permits same-sex partners to make important decisions about medical and personal care, death and funeral, property management, and maintenance of rights and interests. In case one partner loses the ability to make crucial decisions (i.e. mental or physical illness or accident), their guardian may decide for them in their best interest. Their legal relationship can also include wealth and inheritance, or pension, depending on which additional legal documents the couple decides to sign, such as a will. [38]

Wenjun, Cai (November 5, 2021). "Nation's first transgender clinic opens in Shanghai". Shanghai Daily . Retrieved November 6, 2021. A 2008 survey by sexologist Li Yinhe shows a mixed picture of public attitudes towards gays and lesbians in China. 91% of respondents said they agreed with homosexuals having equal employment rights, while over 80% of respondents agreed that heterosexuals and homosexuals were "equal individuals". On the other hand, a slight majority disagreed with the proposition that an openly gay person should be a school teacher, and 40% of respondents said that homosexuality was "completely wrong." [59] Difficult [168] and no legal procedure, [169] which has caused discrimination against well-educated trans women.） Poems written by and for the future Emperor Jianwen of Liang also highlight the luxurious but ultimately degrading role of the male prostitute at the time. [21]

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In 2021, PFLAG China (Parents, Families, and Friends of Lesbians and Gays) changed its name to "Trueself", [122] and the goal of the association altered as well: it now connects the work with the governmental statement by claiming that they focus on " make tens of thousands of families an important basis for national development, national progress, and social harmony ". [123] Academic insights into LGBT activism [ edit ] Darius Longarino argues that the Chinese government views homosexuality as “a malign foreign influence that is stopping youth from getting married and having children”. [125] Thus, the CCP has adopted a policy of promoting the traditional nuclear family, to ensure the next generation of strong Chinese youth, whilst maintaining social stability. The earliest records of homosexuality and same-sex relations in China date from the Shang dynasty era ( c. 16th to 11th century BCE). The term luan feng was used to describe homosexuality. No records of lesbian relations exist, however. In this time, homosexuality was largely viewed with indifference and usually treated with openness. [12] Zhou dynasty [ edit ] Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender ( LGBT) people in the People's Republic of China (PRC) may face some legal and social challenges that are not experienced by non-LGBT residents. While both male and female same-sex sexual activity are legal, same-sex couples are currently unable to marry or adopt, and households headed by such couples are ineligible for the same legal protections available to heterosexual couples. No explicit anti-discrimination protections for LGBT people are present in its legal system, nor do hate crime laws cover sexual orientation or gender identity.