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Lakew M, Tolosa T, Tigre W. Prevalence and major bacterial causes of bovine mastitis in Asella, South Eastern Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2009;41:1525–30. Muehlhoff E, Bennett A, McMahon D. Milk and dairy products in human nutrition. Rome: Food and agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2013.
Marshall JC, Soboleva TK, Jamieson P, French NP. Estimating bacterial pathogen levels in New Zealand bulk tank milk. J Food Prot. 2016;79:771–80. The result of this study showed that the occurrence of S. aureus in bulk milk (42%) was high compared to previous reports from other parts of Ethiopia [ 26, 28, 54, 74], Uganda [ 75], Brazil [ 76], the USA [ 17] and China [ 77]. Our finding complies with previous reports from Ethiopia [ 27], Greece [ 70] and Italy [ 78]. In contrast, slightly higher S. aureus-occurrences of 66, 61, 54, 51, 48% were reported in Brazil [ 15], India [ 58], Portugal [ 73], Ireland [ 49] and the USA [ 79], respectively. The high occurrence of S. aureus in this study is concerning because many strains can produce enterotoxins and consequently cause food-borne intoxication in consumers [ 32]. The high occurrence of S. aureus in bulk milk in this study could be indicative of mastitis in the studied farms. S. aureus might have also contaminated bulk milk from human handlers, milk utensils, the environment, and the udder and teat skin of dairy cows [ 78]. The absence of premilking teat preparation is a risk factor for the presence of S. aureus in bulk milk [ 15]. Thus, it is important that mastitis is prevented and hygienic milk production practices are implemented to safeguard the public from staphylococcal food poisoning [ 78].Braem G, Stijlemans B, Van Haken W, De Vliegher S, De Vuyst L, Leroy F. Antibacterial activities of coagulase-negative staphylococci from bovine teat apex skin and their inhibitory effect on mastitis-related pathogens. J Appl Microbiol. 2014;116:1084–93. Naing YW, Wai SS, Lin TN, Thu WP, Htun LL, Bawm S, Myaing TT. Bacterial content and associated risk factors influencing the quality of bulk tank milk collected from dairy cattle farms in Mandalay region. Food Sci Nutr. 2019;7:1063–71.
van Schaik G, Green LE, Guzma’n D, Esparza H, Tadich N. Risk factors for bulk milk somatic cell counts and total bacterial counts in smallholder dairy farms in the 10th region of Chile. Prev Vet Med. 2005;67:1–17. Oikonomou G, Machado VS, Santisteban C, Schukken YH, Bicalho RC. Microbial diversity of bovine mastitic milk as described by pyrosequencing of metagenomic 16s rDNA. 2012. Ganda EK, Gaeta N, Sipka A, Pomeroy B, Oikonomou G, Schukken YH, Bicalho RC. Normal milk microbiome is reestablished following experimental infection with Escherichia coli independent of intramammary antibiotic treatment with a third-generation cephalosporin in bovines. Microbiome. 2017;5:1–17. European Commission. Corrigendum to Regulation (EC) No 853/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004. Laying down specific hygiene rules for food of animal origin. Off J Eur Union. 2004:22–82.
Most intramammary antibiotics are designed to be effective against most common mastitis pathogens, but some have a narrow spectrum. Systemic antibiotics tend to have a narrower spectrum. So determining antibiotics to use for first-line should be based on a thorough understanding of the main pathogens on your farm. This is critical to the development of your mastitis SOP; input from your veterinarian is essential in determining the most appropriate antibiotics to use on your farm. True antibiotic failure is a rare cause of poor treatment response. Predictors associated with CPS in univariable linear regression analysis were dairy production system ( P = 0.139), sex of milker ( P = 0.053), milk utensil hygiene ( P = 0.238), cow shade roof type ( P = 0.094), season ( P = 0.2), milk container smoking ( P = 0.214), use of warm water for teat washing ( P = 0.027), and use of hired milker ( P = 0.076).
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