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Li, P., Yao, X., Zhou, Q. Q., Meng, X., Zhou, T., Gu, Q. (2022a). Citrus peel flavonoid extracts: health-beneficial bioactivities and regulation of intestinal microecology in vitro. Front. Nutr. 9. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.888745 Tohge, T., De Souza, L. P., Fernie, A. R. (2017). Current understanding of the pathways of flavonoid biosynthesis in model and crop plants. J. Exp. Bot. 68, 4013–4028. doi:10.1093/jxb/erx177 Bartwal, A., Mall, R., Lohani, P., Guru, S. K., Arora, S. (2013). Role of secondary metabolites and brassinosteroids in plant defense against environmental stresses. J. Plant Growth Regul. 32, 216–232. doi:10.1007/s00344-012-9272-x
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Hichri, I., Barrieu, F., Bogs, J., Kappel, C., Delrot, S., Lauvergeat, V. (2011). Recent advances in the transcriptional regulation of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. J. Exp. Bot. 62, 2465–2483. doi:10.1093/jxb/erq442Owens, D. K., Alerding, A. B., Crosby, K. C., Bandara, A. B., Westwood, J. H., Winkel, B. S. (2008). Functional analysis of a predicted flavonol synthase gene family in arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 147, 1046–1061. doi:10.1104/pp.108.117457 Nair, S. A., Kurup, S. R. R., Nair, A. S., Baby, S. (2018). Citrus peels prevent cancer. Phytomedicine 50, 231–237. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2017.08.011
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Misra, P., Pandey, A., Tiwari, M., Chandrashekar, K., Sidhu, O. P., Asif, M. H., et al. (2010). Modulation of transcriptome and metabolome of tobacco by arabidopsis transcription factor, AtMYB12, leads to insect resistance. Plant Physiol. 152, 2258–2268. doi:10.1104/pp.109.150979 In GO annotation analysis, a total of 38,397 DEGs were annotated in three categories: biological process, molecular function, and cellular component categories ( Supplementary Table7). These DEGs were further divided into 47 categories based on gene function, with 722 genes related to biological processes such as signaling. TopGO analysis revealed that the most enriched molecular function terms were monooxygenase activity (GO0004497), oxidoreductase activity (GO0016705), heme binding (GO0020037), iron ion binding (GO0005506), and tetrapyrrole binding (GO0046906) ( Supplementary Figure7). The most enriched biological process terms were flavonoid metabolic process (GO0009812) and flavonoid biosynthetic process (GO0009813). The most enriched cellular component terms were chloroplast thylakoid (GO0009534) and plastid thylakoid (GO0031976). KEGG enrichment analysis identified the top 20 enriched metabolic pathways, including metabolic pathways (ko01100), biosynthesis of secondary metabolites (ko01110), MAPK signaling pathway-plant (ko04016), plant hormone signal transduction (ko04075), phenylpropanoid biosynthesis (ko00940), and flavonoid biosynthesis (ko00941) under magnesium stress ( Figure5D). These results were presented in a bubble diagram. Metabolic and gene co-expression networks in SOPs at different developmental stages Lepiniec, L., Debeaujon, I., Routaboul, J. M., Baudry, A., Pourcel, L., Nesi, N., et al. (2006). Genetics and biochemistry of seed flavonoids. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 57, 405–430. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105252Free WiFi Dongle provided to enable WiFi onto the computer. Please note if streaming or gaming online we recommend upgrading the dongle or connecting by Ethernet cable. The first two principal components accounted for 50.35% (PC1) and 17.79% (PC2), respectively, and the 18 samples (including 3 replicates) were classified into 6 groups based on their developmental stage along PC1. The sample positions along PC2 were influenced by magnesium stress ( Figure3B). These findings suggest that the observed differences in flavonoid profiles were related to developmental stages and magnesium stress and were consistent with the trend in total flavonoid accumulation that peaked in MS2 or MD2 ( Figures3B, C). In addition, OPLS-DA analysis was utilized to evaluate the differences between MS and MD (Q2 = 0.99) ( Supplementary Figure2). The high Q2 value (>0.9) suggested that the OPLS-DA modules were stable and reliable and that the differences in flavonoid content could be further explored. Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) of the flavonoid metabolite accumulation patterns among different samples showed good repeatability within the sample group ( Figures3D). In the HCA, six clusters, corresponding to the successive stages of flavonoid metabolites in SOPs for the 18 samples, were significantly separated. The results of PCA, OPLS-DA, correlation analysis, and HCA reflected large differences between samples, high similarity among the three biological replicates, and high repeatability within samples. Differentially accumulated flavonoids metabolites in SOPs
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Wang, F., Chen, L., Chen, H. P., Chen, S. W., Liu, Y. P. (2019). Analysis of flavonoid metabolites in citrus peels (Citrus reticulata “Dahongpao”) using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Molecules 24. doi:10.3390/molecules24152680 Li, H., Li, Y., Yu, J. X., Wu, T., Zhang, J., Tian, J., et al. (2020a). MdMYB8 is associated with flavonol biosynthesis via the activation of the MdFLS promoter in the fruits of malus crabapple. Horticult. Res. 7. doi:10.1038/s41438-020-0238-z Khare, S., Singh, N. B., Singh, A., Hussain, I., Niharika, K., Yadav, V., et al. (2020). Plant secondary metabolites synthesis and their regulations under biotic and abiotic constraints. J. Plant Biol. 63, 203–216. doi:10.1007/s12374-020-09245-7 The original contributions presented in the study are publicly available. This data can be found here: NCBI Sequence Read Archive (BioProject: PRJNA934884). Author contributions Yang, J. W., Wu, X., Aucapiña, C. B., Zhang, D. Y., Huang, J. Z., Hao, Z. Y., et al. (2023). NtMYB12 requires for competition between flavonol and (pro)anthocyanin biosynthesis in narcissus tazetta tepals. Mol. Horticult. 3. doi:10.1186/s43897-023-00050-7
Hu, H., Fei, X., He, B., Luo, Y., Qi, Y., Wei, A. (2021). Integrated analysis of metabolome and transcriptome data for uncovering flavonoid components of zanthoxylum bungeanum maxim. leaves under drought stress. Front. Nutr. 8. doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.801244
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Hauer-Jakli, M., Trankner, M. (2019). Critical leaf magnesium thresholds and the impact of magnesium on plant growth and photo-oxidative defense: a systematic review and meta-analysis from 70 years of research. Front. Plant Sci. 10. doi:10.3389/fpls.2019.00766 In recent years, analytical methods such as multi-omics have been widely used in the study of food components and functions. To investigate flavonoid compositions in SOPs and elucidate the regulatory mechanism of flavonoid biosynthesis under magnesium stress, transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were performed. Through these analyses, six hub candidate structural genes and ten hub TF genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis regulation were identified using WGCNA and CCA. This valuable information enhances our understanding of the nutritional value of SOPs and provides insights into their potential use in food. Materials and methods Plants and sample preparation
Espley, R. V., Hellens, R. P., Putterill, J., Stevenson, D. E., Kutty-Amma, S., Allan, A. C. (2007). Red colouration in apple fruit is due to the activity of the MYB transcription factor, MdMYB10. Plant J. 49, 414–427. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.02964.x Liu, X. M., Hu, C. X., Liu, X. D., Riaz, M., Liu, Y., Dong, Z. H., et al. (2022). Effect of magnesium application on the fruit coloration and sugar accumulation of navel orange (Citrus sinensis osb.). Scientia Hortic. 304. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2022.111282 Barreca, D., Gattuso, G., Bellocco, E., Calderaro, A., Trombetta, D., Smeriglio, A., et al. (2017). Flavanones: citrus phytochemical with health-promoting properties. Biofactors 43, 495–506. doi:10.1002/biof.1363
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